[C++] Arithmetic kernels for numeric arrays

[asfimport]

This is a parent Jira for the buildout of element-wise ("scalar") mathematical or arithmetic functions that operate on numeric arrays and scalars.

Reporter: Ian Cook / @ianmcook

Related issues:

• [C++] Implement binary arithmetic kernels for numeric arrays (is a parent of)
• [C++][Compute] Add unary negative kernel (is a parent of)
• [C++][Compute] Add decimal support for arithmetic compute functions (is a parent of)
• [C++] Implement logN compute function (is a parent of)
• [C++] Implement x86 SIMD-accelerated binary arithmetic kernels (is a parent of)
• [C++] Implement autocasting in arithmetic compute kernels (is a parent of)
• [C++] Implement mod compute function (is a parent of)
• [C++][Compute] Add remainder and quotient compute::Function (is a parent of)
• [C++][Compute] Add quotient and modulo kernels (is a parent of)
• [C++] Implement power / exponentiation compute kernel (is a parent of)
• [C++][Compute] Add scalar arithmetic kernels for decimal inputs (is a parent of)
• [C++][Compute] Add rounding kernel (is a parent of)
• [C++][Compute] Add floor, ceiling, and truncate kernels (is a parent of)
• [C++] Add variadic row-wise min/max kernels (least/greatest) (is a parent of)
• [C++][Compute] Add is_inf kernel for floating point arrays (is a parent of)
• [C++][Compute] Add sign function kernels (is a parent of)
• [C++] Add bitwise arithmetic compute functions (is a parent of)
• [C++] Implement trigonometric compute functions (is a parent of)
• [C++] Implement logarithm compute functions (is a parent of)
• [C++][Compute] Improve power kernel (is a parent of)
• [C++] Add element-wise power() compute function (is a parent of)
• [C++] C++ array kernels framework and execution buildout (umbrella issue) (is a child of)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-12748. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}