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x/bank: BenchmarkOneBankSend.*TxPerBlock benchmarks have been failing for a long time #10023

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odeke-em opened this issue Aug 29, 2021 · 3 comments
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@odeke-em
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odeke-em commented Aug 29, 2021

Summary of Bug

From bencher, we've seen lots of failures from BenchmarkOneBankSendTxPerBlock like https://dashboard.github.orijtech.com/benchmark/c523dff9587a4e24bf6eb9f7698f67b5

--- FAIL: BenchmarkOneBankSendTxPerBlock
    bench_test.go:56: 
        	Error Trace:	bench_test.go:56
        	Error:      	Received unexpected error:
        	            	
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante.SigVerificationDecorator.AnteHandle
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante/sigverify.go:275
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.ChainAnteDecorators.func1
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/handler.go:40
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante.SigGasConsumeDecorator.AnteHandle
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante/sigverify.go:190
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.ChainAnteDecorators.func1
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/handler.go:40
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante.ValidateSigCountDecorator.AnteHandle
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante/sigverify.go:388
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.ChainAnteDecorators.func1
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/handler.go:40
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante.SetPubKeyDecorator.AnteHandle
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante/sigverify.go:126
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.ChainAnteDecorators.func1
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/handler.go:40
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante.DeductFeeDecorator.AnteHandle
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante/fee.go:125
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.ChainAnteDecorators.func1
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/handler.go:40
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante.ConsumeTxSizeGasDecorator.AnteHandle
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante/basic.go:143
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.ChainAnteDecorators.func1
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/handler.go:40
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante.ValidateMemoDecorator.AnteHandle
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante/basic.go:67
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.ChainAnteDecorators.func1
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/handler.go:40
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante.TxTimeoutHeightDecorator.AnteHandle
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante/basic.go:206
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.ChainAnteDecorators.func1
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/handler.go:40
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante.ValidateBasicDecorator.AnteHandle
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante/basic.go:35
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.ChainAnteDecorators.func1
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/handler.go:40
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante.MempoolFeeDecorator.AnteHandle
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante/fee.go:54
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.ChainAnteDecorators.func1
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/handler.go:40
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante.RejectExtensionOptionsDecorator.AnteHandle
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/ante/ext.go:35
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.ChainAnteDecorators.func1
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/handler.go:40
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/middleware.legacyAnteTxHandler.runAnte
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/middleware/legacy_ante.go:81
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/middleware.legacyAnteTxHandler.DeliverTx
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/middleware/legacy_ante.go:41
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/middleware.indexEventsTxHandler.DeliverTx
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/middleware/index_events.go:45
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/middleware.recoveryTxHandler.DeliverTx
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/middleware/recovery.go:74
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/middleware.gasTxHandler.DeliverTx
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/middleware/gas.go:53
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/baseapp.(*BaseApp).SimDeliver
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/baseapp/test_helpers.go:58
        	            	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/bank_test.BenchmarkOneBankSendTxPerBlock
        	            		/home/cuong/go/src/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/bank/bench_test.go:55
        	            	account sequence mismatch, expected 1, got 0: incorrect account sequence
        	Test:       	BenchmarkOneBankSendTxPerBlock

Version

I am cosmos-sdk with the latest commit ebing e9adb9e

Steps to Reproduce

$ cd x/bank
$ go test -run=^$ -bench=.

By doing a binary search, I've found that this commit 994f2d6 from PR #9920 seems to have somehow caused this failure cc @AmauryM @robert-zaremba @alexanderbez @cuonglm for an FYI.


For Admin Use

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@amaury1093
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Ah yeah. We're moving away from antehandlers, and using middlewares instead, in #10028. Hopefully #10028 will fix this issue, let's keep it open in the meantime.

mergify bot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Oct 14, 2021
…binary searches (#10024)

This change takes the observation that previous dbm.IsKeyInDomain
which searches for [start, end) was performing too many byteslice
comparisons. Instead we start off by sorting all the values in the
store.unsortedCache, and then apply a modified binary search to
look for values that fall within the domain [start, end)
The procedure involves:
* iterating over all items to build a list of all keys -- O(n)
* invoking sort.Strings immediately, of which
we anyways eventually invoke sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case
* invoking modified binary search which is O(log(n)) * 2 ~ O(log(n))
to search for the [start, end) range indices

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n(log(n))) + O(log(n)) ~= O(nlog(n))
Worst case: O(n) + O(n^2) + O(log(n))       ~= O(n^2)

instead of previously:
* iterating over all the unsorted items and invoking dbm.IsKeyInDomain:
bytes.Compare ~ O(n) + O(n*s*e) where s -- len(start), e -- len(end)
for overall complexity of O(n*s*e)
* invoking sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(nlog(n)) ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)
Worst case: O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(n^2)     ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)

Ordinarily we'd combine the n*s*e to be n*m, but really the comparisons
between (start & key, end & key) are profound that it makes sense to
keep them as factors. The overall benchmark results vindicate our choice
of isolating the factors (n*s*e)

The benchmarks show that as the number of keys to iterate grows, the
new code grows gracefully in a somewhat linear growth, notice for
CAcheKVStoreIterator*, when we go from:
* 1,000 to 10,000 keys: 120us->1,600us (13X) old vs 95us->900us (9.47X) new
* 50,000 to 100,000 keys: 19ms->100ms (5.3X) old vs 5.5ms->17ms (3X) new

```shell
time/op
GetValidator-8	              5.8ms ± 2%    4.7ms ± 1%	-17.69%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
OneBankSendTxPerBlock-8	      3.2ms ± 2%    2.8ms ± 1%	-10.80%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
OneBankMultiSendTxPerBlock-8  3.1ms ± 3%    2.9ms ± 2%	-8.36%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8     8.6µs ± 1%    7.8µs ± 1%	-9.74%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator500-8     64µs ± 6%	    51µs ± 6%	-19.22%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8    0.12ms ± 4%   95µs ± 4%	-19.55%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8   1.6ms ± 4%    0.90ms ± 1%	-42.11%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8   19ms ± 5%	    5.5ms ± 1%	-71.35%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8  0.10s ± 23%   17ms ± 7%	-83.44%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8   1.3µs ± 6%    0.90µs ± 3%	-31.19%	(p=0.000 n=9+9)
CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound-8     0.66µs ± 6%   0.56µs ± 2%	-14.81%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)

alloc/op
B/op
BlockProvision-8	     0.11kB ± 0%    0.10kB ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  0.89MB ± 6%    0.53MB ± 1%	-40.85%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 6.3MB ± 23%    1.6MB ± 6%	-74.17%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  0.26kB ± 0%    0.23kB ± 1%	-11.53%	(p=0.000 n=10+8)

allocs/op (count)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8    42 ± 0%	    38 ± 0%	-9.52%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
BlockProvision-8	     6.0 ± 0%	    5.0 ± 0%	-16.67%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8   14 ± 0%	    13 ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.002 n=8+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8  0.15k ± 2%	    76 ± 1%	-49.00%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  8.9k ± 11%	    2.0k ± 2%	-77.60%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 0.10M ± 26%    13k ± 12%	-86.89%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  5.0 ± 0%	    4.0 ± 0%	-20.00%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
```

Note: Purposefully using a commit off master that doesn't
include the buggy code that caused x/bank.BenchmarkOneBank* to fail
per issue #10023

Updates #9876

/cc @cuonglm @kirbyquerby

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## Description

Closes: #XXXX

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- [x] added `!` to the type prefix if API or client breaking change
- [x] targeted the correct branch (see [PR Targeting](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#pr-targeting))
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- [x] followed the guidelines for [building modules](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/docs/building-modules)
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- [x] included comments for [documenting Go code](https://blog.golang.org/godoc)
- [ ] updated the relevant documentation or specification
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### Reviewers Checklist

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I have...

- [ ] confirmed the correct [type prefix](https://github.com/commitizen/conventional-commit-types/blob/v3.0.0/index.json) in the PR title
- [ ] confirmed `!` in the type prefix if API or client breaking change
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mergify bot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Oct 14, 2021
…binary searches (#10024)

This change takes the observation that previous dbm.IsKeyInDomain
which searches for [start, end) was performing too many byteslice
comparisons. Instead we start off by sorting all the values in the
store.unsortedCache, and then apply a modified binary search to
look for values that fall within the domain [start, end)
The procedure involves:
* iterating over all items to build a list of all keys -- O(n)
* invoking sort.Strings immediately, of which
we anyways eventually invoke sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case
* invoking modified binary search which is O(log(n)) * 2 ~ O(log(n))
to search for the [start, end) range indices

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n(log(n))) + O(log(n)) ~= O(nlog(n))
Worst case: O(n) + O(n^2) + O(log(n))       ~= O(n^2)

instead of previously:
* iterating over all the unsorted items and invoking dbm.IsKeyInDomain:
bytes.Compare ~ O(n) + O(n*s*e) where s -- len(start), e -- len(end)
for overall complexity of O(n*s*e)
* invoking sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(nlog(n)) ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)
Worst case: O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(n^2)     ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)

Ordinarily we'd combine the n*s*e to be n*m, but really the comparisons
between (start & key, end & key) are profound that it makes sense to
keep them as factors. The overall benchmark results vindicate our choice
of isolating the factors (n*s*e)

The benchmarks show that as the number of keys to iterate grows, the
new code grows gracefully in a somewhat linear growth, notice for
CAcheKVStoreIterator*, when we go from:
* 1,000 to 10,000 keys: 120us->1,600us (13X) old vs 95us->900us (9.47X) new
* 50,000 to 100,000 keys: 19ms->100ms (5.3X) old vs 5.5ms->17ms (3X) new

```shell
time/op
GetValidator-8	              5.8ms ± 2%    4.7ms ± 1%	-17.69%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
OneBankSendTxPerBlock-8	      3.2ms ± 2%    2.8ms ± 1%	-10.80%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
OneBankMultiSendTxPerBlock-8  3.1ms ± 3%    2.9ms ± 2%	-8.36%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8     8.6µs ± 1%    7.8µs ± 1%	-9.74%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator500-8     64µs ± 6%	    51µs ± 6%	-19.22%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8    0.12ms ± 4%   95µs ± 4%	-19.55%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8   1.6ms ± 4%    0.90ms ± 1%	-42.11%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8   19ms ± 5%	    5.5ms ± 1%	-71.35%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8  0.10s ± 23%   17ms ± 7%	-83.44%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8   1.3µs ± 6%    0.90µs ± 3%	-31.19%	(p=0.000 n=9+9)
CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound-8     0.66µs ± 6%   0.56µs ± 2%	-14.81%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)

alloc/op
B/op
BlockProvision-8	     0.11kB ± 0%    0.10kB ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  0.89MB ± 6%    0.53MB ± 1%	-40.85%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 6.3MB ± 23%    1.6MB ± 6%	-74.17%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  0.26kB ± 0%    0.23kB ± 1%	-11.53%	(p=0.000 n=10+8)

allocs/op (count)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8    42 ± 0%	    38 ± 0%	-9.52%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
BlockProvision-8	     6.0 ± 0%	    5.0 ± 0%	-16.67%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8   14 ± 0%	    13 ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.002 n=8+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8  0.15k ± 2%	    76 ± 1%	-49.00%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  8.9k ± 11%	    2.0k ± 2%	-77.60%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 0.10M ± 26%    13k ± 12%	-86.89%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  5.0 ± 0%	    4.0 ± 0%	-20.00%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
```

Note: Purposefully using a commit off master that doesn't
include the buggy code that caused x/bank.BenchmarkOneBank* to fail
per issue #10023

Updates #9876

/cc @cuonglm @kirbyquerby

<!--
The default pull request template is for types feat, fix, or refactor.
For other templates, add one of the following parameters to the url:
- template=docs.md
- template=other.md
-->

## Description

Closes: #XXXX

<!-- Add a description of the changes that this PR introduces and the files that
are the most critical to review. -->

---

### Author Checklist

*All items are required. Please add a note to the item if the item is not applicable and
please add links to any relevant follow up issues.*

I have...

- [x] included the correct [type prefix](https://github.com/commitizen/conventional-commit-types/blob/v3.0.0/index.json) in the PR title
- [x] added `!` to the type prefix if API or client breaking change
- [x] targeted the correct branch (see [PR Targeting](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#pr-targeting))
- [x] provided a link to the relevant issue or specification
- [x] followed the guidelines for [building modules](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/docs/building-modules)
- [x] included the necessary unit and integration [tests](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#testing)
- [ ] added a changelog entry to `CHANGELOG.md`
- [x] included comments for [documenting Go code](https://blog.golang.org/godoc)
- [ ] updated the relevant documentation or specification
- [ ] reviewed "Files changed" and left comments if necessary
- [ ] confirmed all CI checks have passed

### Reviewers Checklist

*All items are required. Please add a note if the item is not applicable and please add
your handle next to the items reviewed if you only reviewed selected items.*

I have...

- [ ] confirmed the correct [type prefix](https://github.com/commitizen/conventional-commit-types/blob/v3.0.0/index.json) in the PR title
- [ ] confirmed `!` in the type prefix if API or client breaking change
- [ ] confirmed all author checklist items have been addressed
- [ ] reviewed state machine logic
- [ ] reviewed API design and naming
- [ ] reviewed documentation is accurate
- [ ] reviewed tests and test coverage
- [ ] manually tested (if applicable)

(cherry picked from commit 3c85944)

# Conflicts:
#	CHANGELOG.md
robert-zaremba added a commit that referenced this issue Oct 15, 2021
…binary searches (backport #10024) (#10370)

* fix!: store/cachekv: reduce growth factor for iterator ranging using binary searches (#10024)

This change takes the observation that previous dbm.IsKeyInDomain
which searches for [start, end) was performing too many byteslice
comparisons. Instead we start off by sorting all the values in the
store.unsortedCache, and then apply a modified binary search to
look for values that fall within the domain [start, end)
The procedure involves:
* iterating over all items to build a list of all keys -- O(n)
* invoking sort.Strings immediately, of which
we anyways eventually invoke sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case
* invoking modified binary search which is O(log(n)) * 2 ~ O(log(n))
to search for the [start, end) range indices

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n(log(n))) + O(log(n)) ~= O(nlog(n))
Worst case: O(n) + O(n^2) + O(log(n))       ~= O(n^2)

instead of previously:
* iterating over all the unsorted items and invoking dbm.IsKeyInDomain:
bytes.Compare ~ O(n) + O(n*s*e) where s -- len(start), e -- len(end)
for overall complexity of O(n*s*e)
* invoking sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(nlog(n)) ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)
Worst case: O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(n^2)     ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)

Ordinarily we'd combine the n*s*e to be n*m, but really the comparisons
between (start & key, end & key) are profound that it makes sense to
keep them as factors. The overall benchmark results vindicate our choice
of isolating the factors (n*s*e)

The benchmarks show that as the number of keys to iterate grows, the
new code grows gracefully in a somewhat linear growth, notice for
CAcheKVStoreIterator*, when we go from:
* 1,000 to 10,000 keys: 120us->1,600us (13X) old vs 95us->900us (9.47X) new
* 50,000 to 100,000 keys: 19ms->100ms (5.3X) old vs 5.5ms->17ms (3X) new

```shell
time/op
GetValidator-8	              5.8ms ± 2%    4.7ms ± 1%	-17.69%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
OneBankSendTxPerBlock-8	      3.2ms ± 2%    2.8ms ± 1%	-10.80%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
OneBankMultiSendTxPerBlock-8  3.1ms ± 3%    2.9ms ± 2%	-8.36%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8     8.6µs ± 1%    7.8µs ± 1%	-9.74%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator500-8     64µs ± 6%	    51µs ± 6%	-19.22%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8    0.12ms ± 4%   95µs ± 4%	-19.55%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8   1.6ms ± 4%    0.90ms ± 1%	-42.11%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8   19ms ± 5%	    5.5ms ± 1%	-71.35%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8  0.10s ± 23%   17ms ± 7%	-83.44%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8   1.3µs ± 6%    0.90µs ± 3%	-31.19%	(p=0.000 n=9+9)
CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound-8     0.66µs ± 6%   0.56µs ± 2%	-14.81%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)

alloc/op
B/op
BlockProvision-8	     0.11kB ± 0%    0.10kB ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  0.89MB ± 6%    0.53MB ± 1%	-40.85%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 6.3MB ± 23%    1.6MB ± 6%	-74.17%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  0.26kB ± 0%    0.23kB ± 1%	-11.53%	(p=0.000 n=10+8)

allocs/op (count)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8    42 ± 0%	    38 ± 0%	-9.52%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
BlockProvision-8	     6.0 ± 0%	    5.0 ± 0%	-16.67%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8   14 ± 0%	    13 ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.002 n=8+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8  0.15k ± 2%	    76 ± 1%	-49.00%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  8.9k ± 11%	    2.0k ± 2%	-77.60%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 0.10M ± 26%    13k ± 12%	-86.89%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  5.0 ± 0%	    4.0 ± 0%	-20.00%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
```

Note: Purposefully using a commit off master that doesn't
include the buggy code that caused x/bank.BenchmarkOneBank* to fail
per issue #10023

Updates #9876

/cc @cuonglm @kirbyquerby

<!--
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For other templates, add one of the following parameters to the url:
- template=docs.md
- template=other.md
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## Description

Closes: #XXXX

<!-- Add a description of the changes that this PR introduces and the files that
are the most critical to review. -->

---

### Author Checklist

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please add links to any relevant follow up issues.*

I have...

- [x] included the correct [type prefix](https://github.com/commitizen/conventional-commit-types/blob/v3.0.0/index.json) in the PR title
- [x] added `!` to the type prefix if API or client breaking change
- [x] targeted the correct branch (see [PR Targeting](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#pr-targeting))
- [x] provided a link to the relevant issue or specification
- [x] followed the guidelines for [building modules](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/docs/building-modules)
- [x] included the necessary unit and integration [tests](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#testing)
- [ ] added a changelog entry to `CHANGELOG.md`
- [x] included comments for [documenting Go code](https://blog.golang.org/godoc)
- [ ] updated the relevant documentation or specification
- [ ] reviewed "Files changed" and left comments if necessary
- [ ] confirmed all CI checks have passed

### Reviewers Checklist

*All items are required. Please add a note if the item is not applicable and please add
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I have...

- [ ] confirmed the correct [type prefix](https://github.com/commitizen/conventional-commit-types/blob/v3.0.0/index.json) in the PR title
- [ ] confirmed `!` in the type prefix if API or client breaking change
- [ ] confirmed all author checklist items have been addressed
- [ ] reviewed state machine logic
- [ ] reviewed API design and naming
- [ ] reviewed documentation is accurate
- [ ] reviewed tests and test coverage
- [ ] manually tested (if applicable)

(cherry picked from commit 3c85944)

# Conflicts:
#	CHANGELOG.md

* fix conflict

Co-authored-by: Emmanuel T Odeke <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: marbar3778 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Robert Zaremba <[email protected]>
evan-forbes pushed a commit to evan-forbes/cosmos-sdk that referenced this issue Nov 1, 2021
…binary searches (backport cosmos#10024) (cosmos#10370)

* fix!: store/cachekv: reduce growth factor for iterator ranging using binary searches (cosmos#10024)

This change takes the observation that previous dbm.IsKeyInDomain
which searches for [start, end) was performing too many byteslice
comparisons. Instead we start off by sorting all the values in the
store.unsortedCache, and then apply a modified binary search to
look for values that fall within the domain [start, end)
The procedure involves:
* iterating over all items to build a list of all keys -- O(n)
* invoking sort.Strings immediately, of which
we anyways eventually invoke sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case
* invoking modified binary search which is O(log(n)) * 2 ~ O(log(n))
to search for the [start, end) range indices

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n(log(n))) + O(log(n)) ~= O(nlog(n))
Worst case: O(n) + O(n^2) + O(log(n))       ~= O(n^2)

instead of previously:
* iterating over all the unsorted items and invoking dbm.IsKeyInDomain:
bytes.Compare ~ O(n) + O(n*s*e) where s -- len(start), e -- len(end)
for overall complexity of O(n*s*e)
* invoking sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(nlog(n)) ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)
Worst case: O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(n^2)     ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)

Ordinarily we'd combine the n*s*e to be n*m, but really the comparisons
between (start & key, end & key) are profound that it makes sense to
keep them as factors. The overall benchmark results vindicate our choice
of isolating the factors (n*s*e)

The benchmarks show that as the number of keys to iterate grows, the
new code grows gracefully in a somewhat linear growth, notice for
CAcheKVStoreIterator*, when we go from:
* 1,000 to 10,000 keys: 120us->1,600us (13X) old vs 95us->900us (9.47X) new
* 50,000 to 100,000 keys: 19ms->100ms (5.3X) old vs 5.5ms->17ms (3X) new

```shell
time/op
GetValidator-8	              5.8ms ± 2%    4.7ms ± 1%	-17.69%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
OneBankSendTxPerBlock-8	      3.2ms ± 2%    2.8ms ± 1%	-10.80%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
OneBankMultiSendTxPerBlock-8  3.1ms ± 3%    2.9ms ± 2%	-8.36%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8     8.6µs ± 1%    7.8µs ± 1%	-9.74%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator500-8     64µs ± 6%	    51µs ± 6%	-19.22%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8    0.12ms ± 4%   95µs ± 4%	-19.55%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8   1.6ms ± 4%    0.90ms ± 1%	-42.11%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8   19ms ± 5%	    5.5ms ± 1%	-71.35%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8  0.10s ± 23%   17ms ± 7%	-83.44%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8   1.3µs ± 6%    0.90µs ± 3%	-31.19%	(p=0.000 n=9+9)
CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound-8     0.66µs ± 6%   0.56µs ± 2%	-14.81%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)

alloc/op
B/op
BlockProvision-8	     0.11kB ± 0%    0.10kB ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  0.89MB ± 6%    0.53MB ± 1%	-40.85%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 6.3MB ± 23%    1.6MB ± 6%	-74.17%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  0.26kB ± 0%    0.23kB ± 1%	-11.53%	(p=0.000 n=10+8)

allocs/op (count)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8    42 ± 0%	    38 ± 0%	-9.52%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
BlockProvision-8	     6.0 ± 0%	    5.0 ± 0%	-16.67%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8   14 ± 0%	    13 ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.002 n=8+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8  0.15k ± 2%	    76 ± 1%	-49.00%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  8.9k ± 11%	    2.0k ± 2%	-77.60%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 0.10M ± 26%    13k ± 12%	-86.89%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  5.0 ± 0%	    4.0 ± 0%	-20.00%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
```

Note: Purposefully using a commit off master that doesn't
include the buggy code that caused x/bank.BenchmarkOneBank* to fail
per issue cosmos#10023

Updates cosmos#9876

/cc @cuonglm @kirbyquerby

<!--
The default pull request template is for types feat, fix, or refactor.
For other templates, add one of the following parameters to the url:
- template=docs.md
- template=other.md
-->

## Description

Closes: #XXXX

<!-- Add a description of the changes that this PR introduces and the files that
are the most critical to review. -->

---

### Author Checklist

*All items are required. Please add a note to the item if the item is not applicable and
please add links to any relevant follow up issues.*

I have...

- [x] included the correct [type prefix](https://github.com/commitizen/conventional-commit-types/blob/v3.0.0/index.json) in the PR title
- [x] added `!` to the type prefix if API or client breaking change
- [x] targeted the correct branch (see [PR Targeting](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#pr-targeting))
- [x] provided a link to the relevant issue or specification
- [x] followed the guidelines for [building modules](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/docs/building-modules)
- [x] included the necessary unit and integration [tests](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#testing)
- [ ] added a changelog entry to `CHANGELOG.md`
- [x] included comments for [documenting Go code](https://blog.golang.org/godoc)
- [ ] updated the relevant documentation or specification
- [ ] reviewed "Files changed" and left comments if necessary
- [ ] confirmed all CI checks have passed

### Reviewers Checklist

*All items are required. Please add a note if the item is not applicable and please add
your handle next to the items reviewed if you only reviewed selected items.*

I have...

- [ ] confirmed the correct [type prefix](https://github.com/commitizen/conventional-commit-types/blob/v3.0.0/index.json) in the PR title
- [ ] confirmed `!` in the type prefix if API or client breaking change
- [ ] confirmed all author checklist items have been addressed
- [ ] reviewed state machine logic
- [ ] reviewed API design and naming
- [ ] reviewed documentation is accurate
- [ ] reviewed tests and test coverage
- [ ] manually tested (if applicable)

(cherry picked from commit 3c85944)

# Conflicts:
#	CHANGELOG.md

* fix conflict

Co-authored-by: Emmanuel T Odeke <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: marbar3778 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Robert Zaremba <[email protected]>
@tac0turtle
Copy link
Member

seems the issue is still present.

daeMOn63 pushed a commit to fetchai/cosmos-sdk that referenced this issue Mar 1, 2022
…binary searches (backport #10024) (#10370)

* fix!: store/cachekv: reduce growth factor for iterator ranging using binary searches (#10024)

This change takes the observation that previous dbm.IsKeyInDomain
which searches for [start, end) was performing too many byteslice
comparisons. Instead we start off by sorting all the values in the
store.unsortedCache, and then apply a modified binary search to
look for values that fall within the domain [start, end)
The procedure involves:
* iterating over all items to build a list of all keys -- O(n)
* invoking sort.Strings immediately, of which
we anyways eventually invoke sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case
* invoking modified binary search which is O(log(n)) * 2 ~ O(log(n))
to search for the [start, end) range indices

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n(log(n))) + O(log(n)) ~= O(nlog(n))
Worst case: O(n) + O(n^2) + O(log(n))       ~= O(n^2)

instead of previously:
* iterating over all the unsorted items and invoking dbm.IsKeyInDomain:
bytes.Compare ~ O(n) + O(n*s*e) where s -- len(start), e -- len(end)
for overall complexity of O(n*s*e)
* invoking sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(nlog(n)) ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)
Worst case: O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(n^2)     ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)

Ordinarily we'd combine the n*s*e to be n*m, but really the comparisons
between (start & key, end & key) are profound that it makes sense to
keep them as factors. The overall benchmark results vindicate our choice
of isolating the factors (n*s*e)

The benchmarks show that as the number of keys to iterate grows, the
new code grows gracefully in a somewhat linear growth, notice for
CAcheKVStoreIterator*, when we go from:
* 1,000 to 10,000 keys: 120us->1,600us (13X) old vs 95us->900us (9.47X) new
* 50,000 to 100,000 keys: 19ms->100ms (5.3X) old vs 5.5ms->17ms (3X) new

```shell
time/op
GetValidator-8	              5.8ms ± 2%    4.7ms ± 1%	-17.69%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
OneBankSendTxPerBlock-8	      3.2ms ± 2%    2.8ms ± 1%	-10.80%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
OneBankMultiSendTxPerBlock-8  3.1ms ± 3%    2.9ms ± 2%	-8.36%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8     8.6µs ± 1%    7.8µs ± 1%	-9.74%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator500-8     64µs ± 6%	    51µs ± 6%	-19.22%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8    0.12ms ± 4%   95µs ± 4%	-19.55%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8   1.6ms ± 4%    0.90ms ± 1%	-42.11%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8   19ms ± 5%	    5.5ms ± 1%	-71.35%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8  0.10s ± 23%   17ms ± 7%	-83.44%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8   1.3µs ± 6%    0.90µs ± 3%	-31.19%	(p=0.000 n=9+9)
CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound-8     0.66µs ± 6%   0.56µs ± 2%	-14.81%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)

alloc/op
B/op
BlockProvision-8	     0.11kB ± 0%    0.10kB ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  0.89MB ± 6%    0.53MB ± 1%	-40.85%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 6.3MB ± 23%    1.6MB ± 6%	-74.17%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  0.26kB ± 0%    0.23kB ± 1%	-11.53%	(p=0.000 n=10+8)

allocs/op (count)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8    42 ± 0%	    38 ± 0%	-9.52%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
BlockProvision-8	     6.0 ± 0%	    5.0 ± 0%	-16.67%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8   14 ± 0%	    13 ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.002 n=8+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8  0.15k ± 2%	    76 ± 1%	-49.00%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  8.9k ± 11%	    2.0k ± 2%	-77.60%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 0.10M ± 26%    13k ± 12%	-86.89%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  5.0 ± 0%	    4.0 ± 0%	-20.00%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
```

Note: Purposefully using a commit off master that doesn't
include the buggy code that caused x/bank.BenchmarkOneBank* to fail
per issue cosmos/cosmos-sdk#10023

Updates #9876

/cc @cuonglm @kirbyquerby

<!--
The default pull request template is for types feat, fix, or refactor.
For other templates, add one of the following parameters to the url:
- template=docs.md
- template=other.md
-->

## Description

Closes: #XXXX

<!-- Add a description of the changes that this PR introduces and the files that
are the most critical to review. -->
zakir-code pushed a commit to PundiAI/cosmos-sdk that referenced this issue Apr 14, 2022
…binary searches (backport cosmos#10024) (cosmos#10370)

* fix!: store/cachekv: reduce growth factor for iterator ranging using binary searches (cosmos#10024)

This change takes the observation that previous dbm.IsKeyInDomain
which searches for [start, end) was performing too many byteslice
comparisons. Instead we start off by sorting all the values in the
store.unsortedCache, and then apply a modified binary search to
look for values that fall within the domain [start, end)
The procedure involves:
* iterating over all items to build a list of all keys -- O(n)
* invoking sort.Strings immediately, of which
we anyways eventually invoke sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case
* invoking modified binary search which is O(log(n)) * 2 ~ O(log(n))
to search for the [start, end) range indices

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n(log(n))) + O(log(n)) ~= O(nlog(n))
Worst case: O(n) + O(n^2) + O(log(n))       ~= O(n^2)

instead of previously:
* iterating over all the unsorted items and invoking dbm.IsKeyInDomain:
bytes.Compare ~ O(n) + O(n*s*e) where s -- len(start), e -- len(end)
for overall complexity of O(n*s*e)
* invoking sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(nlog(n)) ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)
Worst case: O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(n^2)     ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)

Ordinarily we'd combine the n*s*e to be n*m, but really the comparisons
between (start & key, end & key) are profound that it makes sense to
keep them as factors. The overall benchmark results vindicate our choice
of isolating the factors (n*s*e)

The benchmarks show that as the number of keys to iterate grows, the
new code grows gracefully in a somewhat linear growth, notice for
CAcheKVStoreIterator*, when we go from:
* 1,000 to 10,000 keys: 120us->1,600us (13X) old vs 95us->900us (9.47X) new
* 50,000 to 100,000 keys: 19ms->100ms (5.3X) old vs 5.5ms->17ms (3X) new

```shell
time/op
GetValidator-8	              5.8ms ± 2%    4.7ms ± 1%	-17.69%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
OneBankSendTxPerBlock-8	      3.2ms ± 2%    2.8ms ± 1%	-10.80%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
OneBankMultiSendTxPerBlock-8  3.1ms ± 3%    2.9ms ± 2%	-8.36%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8     8.6µs ± 1%    7.8µs ± 1%	-9.74%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator500-8     64µs ± 6%	    51µs ± 6%	-19.22%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8    0.12ms ± 4%   95µs ± 4%	-19.55%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8   1.6ms ± 4%    0.90ms ± 1%	-42.11%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8   19ms ± 5%	    5.5ms ± 1%	-71.35%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8  0.10s ± 23%   17ms ± 7%	-83.44%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8   1.3µs ± 6%    0.90µs ± 3%	-31.19%	(p=0.000 n=9+9)
CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound-8     0.66µs ± 6%   0.56µs ± 2%	-14.81%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)

alloc/op
B/op
BlockProvision-8	     0.11kB ± 0%    0.10kB ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  0.89MB ± 6%    0.53MB ± 1%	-40.85%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 6.3MB ± 23%    1.6MB ± 6%	-74.17%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  0.26kB ± 0%    0.23kB ± 1%	-11.53%	(p=0.000 n=10+8)

allocs/op (count)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8    42 ± 0%	    38 ± 0%	-9.52%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
BlockProvision-8	     6.0 ± 0%	    5.0 ± 0%	-16.67%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8   14 ± 0%	    13 ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.002 n=8+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8  0.15k ± 2%	    76 ± 1%	-49.00%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  8.9k ± 11%	    2.0k ± 2%	-77.60%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 0.10M ± 26%    13k ± 12%	-86.89%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  5.0 ± 0%	    4.0 ± 0%	-20.00%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
```

Note: Purposefully using a commit off master that doesn't
include the buggy code that caused x/bank.BenchmarkOneBank* to fail
per issue cosmos#10023

Updates cosmos#9876

/cc @cuonglm @kirbyquerby

<!--
The default pull request template is for types feat, fix, or refactor.
For other templates, add one of the following parameters to the url:
- template=docs.md
- template=other.md
-->

## Description

Closes: #XXXX

<!-- Add a description of the changes that this PR introduces and the files that
are the most critical to review. -->

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(cherry picked from commit 3c85944)

# Conflicts:
#	CHANGELOG.md

* fix conflict

Co-authored-by: Emmanuel T Odeke <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: marbar3778 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Robert Zaremba <[email protected]>
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seems this now passes

JeancarloBarrios pushed a commit to agoric-labs/cosmos-sdk that referenced this issue Sep 28, 2024
…binary searches (backport cosmos#10024) (cosmos#10370)

* fix!: store/cachekv: reduce growth factor for iterator ranging using binary searches (cosmos#10024)

This change takes the observation that previous dbm.IsKeyInDomain
which searches for [start, end) was performing too many byteslice
comparisons. Instead we start off by sorting all the values in the
store.unsortedCache, and then apply a modified binary search to
look for values that fall within the domain [start, end)
The procedure involves:
* iterating over all items to build a list of all keys -- O(n)
* invoking sort.Strings immediately, of which
we anyways eventually invoke sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case
* invoking modified binary search which is O(log(n)) * 2 ~ O(log(n))
to search for the [start, end) range indices

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n(log(n))) + O(log(n)) ~= O(nlog(n))
Worst case: O(n) + O(n^2) + O(log(n))       ~= O(n^2)

instead of previously:
* iterating over all the unsorted items and invoking dbm.IsKeyInDomain:
bytes.Compare ~ O(n) + O(n*s*e) where s -- len(start), e -- len(end)
for overall complexity of O(n*s*e)
* invoking sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses
Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case

for a total approximate complexity of:
Best case:  O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(nlog(n)) ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)
Worst case: O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(n^2)     ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2)

Ordinarily we'd combine the n*s*e to be n*m, but really the comparisons
between (start & key, end & key) are profound that it makes sense to
keep them as factors. The overall benchmark results vindicate our choice
of isolating the factors (n*s*e)

The benchmarks show that as the number of keys to iterate grows, the
new code grows gracefully in a somewhat linear growth, notice for
CAcheKVStoreIterator*, when we go from:
* 1,000 to 10,000 keys: 120us->1,600us (13X) old vs 95us->900us (9.47X) new
* 50,000 to 100,000 keys: 19ms->100ms (5.3X) old vs 5.5ms->17ms (3X) new

```shell
time/op
GetValidator-8	              5.8ms ± 2%    4.7ms ± 1%	-17.69%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
OneBankSendTxPerBlock-8	      3.2ms ± 2%    2.8ms ± 1%	-10.80%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
OneBankMultiSendTxPerBlock-8  3.1ms ± 3%    2.9ms ± 2%	-8.36%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8     8.6µs ± 1%    7.8µs ± 1%	-9.74%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator500-8     64µs ± 6%	    51µs ± 6%	-19.22%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8    0.12ms ± 4%   95µs ± 4%	-19.55%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8   1.6ms ± 4%    0.90ms ± 1%	-42.11%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8   19ms ± 5%	    5.5ms ± 1%	-71.35%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8  0.10s ± 23%   17ms ± 7%	-83.44%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8   1.3µs ± 6%    0.90µs ± 3%	-31.19%	(p=0.000 n=9+9)
CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound-8     0.66µs ± 6%   0.56µs ± 2%	-14.81%	(p=0.000 n=10+9)

alloc/op
B/op
BlockProvision-8	     0.11kB ± 0%    0.10kB ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  0.89MB ± 6%    0.53MB ± 1%	-40.85%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 6.3MB ± 23%    1.6MB ± 6%	-74.17%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  0.26kB ± 0%    0.23kB ± 1%	-11.53%	(p=0.000 n=10+8)

allocs/op (count)
AccountMapperSetAccount-8    42 ± 0%	    38 ± 0%	-9.52%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
BlockProvision-8	     6.0 ± 0%	    5.0 ± 0%	-16.67%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8   14 ± 0%	    13 ± 0%	-7.14%	(p=0.002 n=8+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8  0.15k ± 2%	    76 ± 1%	-49.00%	(p=0.000 n=7+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8  8.9k ± 11%	    2.0k ± 2%	-77.60%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 0.10M ± 26%    13k ± 12%	-86.89%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8  5.0 ± 0%	    4.0 ± 0%	-20.00%	(p=0.000 n=10+10)
```

Note: Purposefully using a commit off master that doesn't
include the buggy code that caused x/bank.BenchmarkOneBank* to fail
per issue cosmos#10023

Updates cosmos#9876

/cc @cuonglm @kirbyquerby

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## Description

Closes: #XXXX

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### Author Checklist

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I have...

- [x] included the correct [type prefix](https://github.com/commitizen/conventional-commit-types/blob/v3.0.0/index.json) in the PR title
- [x] added `!` to the type prefix if API or client breaking change
- [x] targeted the correct branch (see [PR Targeting](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#pr-targeting))
- [x] provided a link to the relevant issue or specification
- [x] followed the guidelines for [building modules](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/docs/building-modules)
- [x] included the necessary unit and integration [tests](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#testing)
- [ ] added a changelog entry to `CHANGELOG.md`
- [x] included comments for [documenting Go code](https://blog.golang.org/godoc)
- [ ] updated the relevant documentation or specification
- [ ] reviewed "Files changed" and left comments if necessary
- [ ] confirmed all CI checks have passed

### Reviewers Checklist

*All items are required. Please add a note if the item is not applicable and please add
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I have...

- [ ] confirmed the correct [type prefix](https://github.com/commitizen/conventional-commit-types/blob/v3.0.0/index.json) in the PR title
- [ ] confirmed `!` in the type prefix if API or client breaking change
- [ ] confirmed all author checklist items have been addressed
- [ ] reviewed state machine logic
- [ ] reviewed API design and naming
- [ ] reviewed documentation is accurate
- [ ] reviewed tests and test coverage
- [ ] manually tested (if applicable)

(cherry picked from commit 3c85944)

# Conflicts:
#	CHANGELOG.md

* fix conflict

Co-authored-by: Emmanuel T Odeke <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: marbar3778 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Robert Zaremba <[email protected]>
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