fix!: store/cachekv: reduce growth factor for iterator ranging using …

…binary searches (backport #10024) (#10370) * fix!: store/cachekv: reduce growth factor for iterator ranging using binary searches (#10024) This change takes the observation that previous dbm.IsKeyInDomain which searches for [start, end) was performing too many byteslice comparisons. Instead we start off by sorting all the values in the store.unsortedCache, and then apply a modified binary search to look for values that fall within the domain [start, end) The procedure involves: * iterating over all items to build a list of all keys -- O(n) * invoking sort.Strings immediately, of which we anyways eventually invoke sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case * invoking modified binary search which is O(log(n)) * 2 ~ O(log(n)) to search for the [start, end) range indices for a total approximate complexity of: Best case: O(n) + O(n(log(n))) + O(log(n)) ~= O(nlog(n)) Worst case: O(n) + O(n^2) + O(log(n)) ~= O(n^2) instead of previously: * iterating over all the unsorted items and invoking dbm.IsKeyInDomain: bytes.Compare ~ O(n) + O(n*s*e) where s -- len(start), e -- len(end) for overall complexity of O(n*s*e) * invoking sort.Slice(unsorted, ...) which uses Quicksort -- O(nlog(n)) or O(n^2) worst case for a total approximate complexity of: Best case: O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(nlog(n)) ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2) Worst case: O(n) + O(n*s*e) + O(n^2) ~= O(n*s*e) ~ O(n^2) Ordinarily we'd combine the n*s*e to be n*m, but really the comparisons between (start & key, end & key) are profound that it makes sense to keep them as factors. The overall benchmark results vindicate our choice of isolating the factors (n*s*e) The benchmarks show that as the number of keys to iterate grows, the new code grows gracefully in a somewhat linear growth, notice for CAcheKVStoreIterator*, when we go from: * 1,000 to 10,000 keys: 120us->1,600us (13X) old vs 95us->900us (9.47X) new * 50,000 to 100,000 keys: 19ms->100ms (5.3X) old vs 5.5ms->17ms (3X) new ```shell time/op GetValidator-8 5.8ms ± 2% 4.7ms ± 1% -17.69% (p=0.000 n=10+10) OneBankSendTxPerBlock-8 3.2ms ± 2% 2.8ms ± 1% -10.80% (p=0.000 n=7+10) OneBankMultiSendTxPerBlock-8 3.1ms ± 3% 2.9ms ± 2% -8.36% (p=0.000 n=10+10) AccountMapperSetAccount-8 8.6µs ± 1% 7.8µs ± 1% -9.74% (p=0.000 n=10+10) CacheKVStoreIterator500-8 64µs ± 6% 51µs ± 6% -19.22% (p=0.000 n=10+9) CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8 0.12ms ± 4% 95µs ± 4% -19.55% (p=0.000 n=10+10) CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8 1.6ms ± 4% 0.90ms ± 1% -42.11% (p=0.000 n=10+10) CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8 19ms ± 5% 5.5ms ± 1% -71.35% (p=0.000 n=10+10) CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 0.10s ± 23% 17ms ± 7% -83.44% (p=0.000 n=10+10) CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8 1.3µs ± 6% 0.90µs ± 3% -31.19% (p=0.000 n=9+9) CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound-8 0.66µs ± 6% 0.56µs ± 2% -14.81% (p=0.000 n=10+9) alloc/op B/op BlockProvision-8 0.11kB ± 0% 0.10kB ± 0% -7.14% (p=0.000 n=10+10) CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8 0.89MB ± 6% 0.53MB ± 1% -40.85% (p=0.000 n=10+10) CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 6.3MB ± 23% 1.6MB ± 6% -74.17% (p=0.000 n=10+10) CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8 0.26kB ± 0% 0.23kB ± 1% -11.53% (p=0.000 n=10+8) allocs/op (count) AccountMapperSetAccount-8 42 ± 0% 38 ± 0% -9.52% (p=0.000 n=10+10) BlockProvision-8 6.0 ± 0% 5.0 ± 0% -16.67% (p=0.000 n=10+10) CacheKVStoreIterator1000-8 14 ± 0% 13 ± 0% -7.14% (p=0.002 n=8+10) CacheKVStoreIterator10000-8 0.15k ± 2% 76 ± 1% -49.00% (p=0.000 n=7+10) CacheKVStoreIterator50000-8 8.9k ± 11% 2.0k ± 2% -77.60% (p=0.000 n=10+10) CacheKVStoreIterator100000-8 0.10M ± 26% 13k ± 12% -86.89% (p=0.000 n=10+10) CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-8 5.0 ± 0% 4.0 ± 0% -20.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10) ``` Note: Purposefully using a commit off master that doesn't include the buggy code that caused x/bank.BenchmarkOneBank* to fail per issue cosmos/cosmos-sdk#10023 Updates #9876 /cc @cuonglm @kirbyquerby  ## Description Closes: #XXXX
fetchai · Feb 28, 2022 · 366bc59 · 366bc59
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diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Ref: https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/
 * [\#10339](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/10339) Improve performance of `removeZeroCoins` by only allocating memory when necessary
 * [\#10045](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/10045) Revert [#8549](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/8549). Do not route grpc queries through Tendermint.
 * (deps) [\#10375](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/10375) Bump Tendermint to [v0.34.14](https://github.com/tendermint/tendermint/releases/tag/v0.34.14).
-
+* [\#10024](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/10024) `store/cachekv` performance improvement by reduced growth factor for iterator ranging by using binary searches to find dirty items when unsorted key count >= 1024.
 
 ### Bug Fixes
 

diff --git a/store/cachekv/search_test.go b/store/cachekv/search_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+package cachekv
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestFindStartIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		sortedL []string
+		query   string
+		want    int
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "non-existent value",
+			sortedL: []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "l", "m", "n", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"},
+			query:   "o",
+			want:    8,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "dupes start at index 0",
+			sortedL: []string{"a", "a", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "l", "m", "n", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"},
+			query:   "a",
+			want:    0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "dupes start at non-index 0",
+			sortedL: []string{"a", "c", "c", "c", "c", "d", "e", "l", "m", "n", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"},
+			query:   "c",
+			want:    1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "at end",
+			sortedL: []string{"a", "e", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"},
+			query:   "z",
+			want:    7,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "dupes at end",
+			sortedL: []string{"a", "e", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", "z", "z", "z"},
+			query:   "z",
+			want:    7,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "entirely dupes",
+			sortedL: []string{"z", "z", "z", "z", "z"},
+			query:   "z",
+			want:    0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "non-existent but within >=start",
+			sortedL: []string{"z", "z", "z", "z", "z"},
+			query:   "p",
+			want:    0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "non-existent and out of range",
+			sortedL: []string{"d", "e", "f", "g", "h"},
+			query:   "z",
+			want:    -1,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			body := tt.sortedL
+			got := findStartIndex(body, tt.query)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Fatalf("Got: %d, want: %d", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFindEndIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		sortedL []string
+		query   string
+		want    int
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "non-existent value",
+			sortedL: []string{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "l", "m", "n", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"},
+			query:   "o",
+			want:    7,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "dupes start at index 0",
+			sortedL: []string{"a", "a", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "l", "m", "n", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"},
+			query:   "a",
+			want:    0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "dupes start at non-index 0",
+			sortedL: []string{"a", "c", "c", "c", "c", "d", "e", "l", "m", "n", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"},
+			query:   "c",
+			want:    1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "at end",
+			sortedL: []string{"a", "e", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"},
+			query:   "z",
+			want:    7,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "dupes at end",
+			sortedL: []string{"a", "e", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", "z", "z", "z"},
+			query:   "z",
+			want:    7,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "entirely dupes",
+			sortedL: []string{"z", "z", "z", "z", "z"},
+			query:   "z",
+			want:    0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "non-existent and out of range",
+			sortedL: []string{"z", "z", "z", "z", "z"},
+			query:   "p",
+			want:    -1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "non-existent and out of range",
+			sortedL: []string{"d", "e", "f", "g", "h"},
+			query:   "z",
+			want:    4,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			body := tt.sortedL
+			got := findEndIndex(body, tt.query)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Fatalf("Got: %d, want: %d", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/store/cachekv/store.go b/store/cachekv/store.go
@@ -183,8 +183,94 @@ func (store *Store) iterator(start, end []byte, ascending bool) types.Iterator {
 	return newCacheMergeIterator(parent, cache, ascending)
 }
 
+func findStartIndex(strL []string, startQ string) int {
+	// Modified binary search to find the very first element in >=startQ.
+	if len(strL) == 0 {
+		return -1
+	}
+
+	var left, right, mid int
+	right = len(strL) - 1
+	for left <= right {
+		mid = (left + right) >> 1
+		midStr := strL[mid]
+		if midStr == startQ {
+			// Handle condition where there might be multiple values equal to startQ.
+			// We are looking for the very first value < midStL, that i+1 will be the first
+			// element >= midStr.
+			for i := mid - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+				if strL[i] != midStr {
+					return i + 1
+				}
+			}
+			return 0
+		}
+		if midStr < startQ {
+			left = mid + 1
+		} else { // midStrL > startQ
+			right = mid - 1
+		}
+	}
+	if left >= 0 && left < len(strL) && strL[left] >= startQ {
+		return left
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+func findEndIndex(strL []string, endQ string) int {
+	if len(strL) == 0 {
+		return -1
+	}
+
+	// Modified binary search to find the very first element <endQ.
+	var left, right, mid int
+	right = len(strL) - 1
+	for left <= right {
+		mid = (left + right) >> 1
+		midStr := strL[mid]
+		if midStr == endQ {
+			// Handle condition where there might be multiple values equal to startQ.
+			// We are looking for the very first value < midStL, that i+1 will be the first
+			// element >= midStr.
+			for i := mid - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+				if strL[i] < midStr {
+					return i + 1
+				}
+			}
+			return 0
+		}
+		if midStr < endQ {
+			left = mid + 1
+		} else { // midStrL > startQ
+			right = mid - 1
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Binary search failed, now let's find a value less than endQ.
+	for i := right; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if strL[i] < endQ {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+
+	return -1
+}
+
+type sortState int
+
+const (
+	stateUnsorted sortState = iota
+	stateAlreadySorted
+)
+
 // Constructs a slice of dirty items, to use w/ memIterator.
 func (store *Store) dirtyItems(start, end []byte) {
+	startStr, endStr := conv.UnsafeBytesToStr(start), conv.UnsafeBytesToStr(end)
+	if startStr > endStr {
+		// Nothing to do here.
+		return
+	}
+
 	n := len(store.unsortedCache)
 	unsorted := make([]*kv.Pair, 0)
 	// If the unsortedCache is too big, its costs too much to determine
@@ -193,24 +279,49 @@ func (store *Store) dirtyItems(start, end []byte) {
 	// O(N^2) overhead.
 	// Even without that, too many range checks eventually becomes more expensive
 	// than just not having the cache.
-	if n >= 1024 {
-		for key := range store.unsortedCache {
-			cacheValue := store.cache[key]
-			unsorted = append(unsorted, &kv.Pair{Key: []byte(key), Value: cacheValue.value})
-		}
-	} else {
-		// else do a linear scan to determine if the unsorted pairs are in the pool.
+	if n < 1024 {
 		for key := range store.unsortedCache {
 			if dbm.IsKeyInDomain(conv.UnsafeStrToBytes(key), start, end) {
 				cacheValue := store.cache[key]
 				unsorted = append(unsorted, &kv.Pair{Key: []byte(key), Value: cacheValue.value})
 			}
 		}
+		store.clearUnsortedCacheSubset(unsorted, stateUnsorted)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Otherwise it is large so perform a modified binary search to find
+	// the target ranges for the keys that we should be looking for.
+	strL := make([]string, 0, n)
+	for key := range store.unsortedCache {
+		strL = append(strL, key)
 	}
-	store.clearUnsortedCacheSubset(unsorted)
+	sort.Strings(strL)
+
+	// Now find the values within the domain
+	//  [start, end)
+	startIndex := findStartIndex(strL, startStr)
+	endIndex := findEndIndex(strL, endStr)
+
+	if endIndex < 0 {
+		endIndex = len(strL) - 1
+	}
+	if startIndex < 0 {
+		startIndex = 0
+	}
+
+	kvL := make([]*kv.Pair, 0)
+	for i := startIndex; i <= endIndex; i++ {
+		key := strL[i]
+		cacheValue := store.cache[key]
+		kvL = append(kvL, &kv.Pair{Key: []byte(key), Value: cacheValue.value})
+	}
+
+	// kvL was already sorted so pass it in as is.
+	store.clearUnsortedCacheSubset(kvL, stateAlreadySorted)
 }
 
-func (store *Store) clearUnsortedCacheSubset(unsorted []*kv.Pair) {
+func (store *Store) clearUnsortedCacheSubset(unsorted []*kv.Pair, sortState sortState) {
 	n := len(store.unsortedCache)
 	if len(unsorted) == n { // This pattern allows the Go compiler to emit the map clearing idiom for the entire map.
 		for key := range store.unsortedCache {
@@ -221,9 +332,12 @@ func (store *Store) clearUnsortedCacheSubset(unsorted []*kv.Pair) {
 			delete(store.unsortedCache, conv.UnsafeBytesToStr(kv.Key))
 		}
 	}
-	sort.Slice(unsorted, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return bytes.Compare(unsorted[i].Key, unsorted[j].Key) < 0
-	})
+
+	if sortState == stateUnsorted {
+		sort.Slice(unsorted, func(i, j int) bool {
+			return bytes.Compare(unsorted[i].Key, unsorted[j].Key) < 0
+		})
+	}
 
 	for _, item := range unsorted {
 		if item.Value == nil {