Introduce null-safe index operator in SpEL

This set of commits introduces support for a null-safe operator in the
Spring Expression Language (SpEL), including support for compiling
expressions that use the null-safe index operator.

Note, however, that compilation is not supported for null-safe indexing
into a String or any kind of Collection (other than a List).

See spring-projectsgh-21468
Closes spring-projectsgh-29847

framework-docs/modules/ROOT/pages/core/expressions/language-ref/operator-safe-navigation.adoc

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [[expressions-operator-safe-navigation]]
 = Safe Navigation Operator
 
-The safe navigation operator (`?`) is used to avoid a `NullPointerException` and comes
+The safe navigation operator (`?.`) is used to avoid a `NullPointerException` and comes
 from the https://www.groovy-lang.org/operators.html#_safe_navigation_operator[Groovy]
 language. Typically, when you have a reference to an object, you might need to verify
 that it is not `null` before accessing methods or properties of the object. To avoid
@@ -81,6 +81,64 @@ For example, the expression `#calculator?.max(4, 2)` evaluates to `null` if the
 `max(int, int)` method will be invoked on the `#calculator`.
 ====
 
+[[expressions-operator-safe-navigation-indexing]]
+== Safe Index Access
+
+Since Spring Framework 6.2, the Spring Expression Language supports safe navigation for
+indexing into the following types of structures.
+
+* xref:core/expressions/language-ref/properties-arrays.adoc#expressions-indexing-arrays-and-collections[arrays and collections]
+* xref:core/expressions/language-ref/properties-arrays.adoc#expressions-indexing-strings[strings]
+* xref:core/expressions/language-ref/properties-arrays.adoc#expressions-indexing-maps[maps]
+* xref:core/expressions/language-ref/properties-arrays.adoc#expressions-indexing-objects[objects]
+
+The following example shows how to use the safe navigation operator for indexing into
+a list (`?.[]`).
+
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
++
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="primary"]
+----
+	ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
+	IEEE society = new IEEE();
+	EvaluationContext context = new StandardEvaluationContext(society);
+
+	// evaluates to Inventor("Nikola Tesla")
+	Inventor inventor = parser.parseExpression("members?.[0]") // <1>
+			.getValue(context, Inventor.class);
+
+	society.members = null;
+
+	// evaluates to null - does not throw an exception
+	inventor = parser.parseExpression("members?.[0]") // <2>
+			.getValue(context, Inventor.class);
+----
+<1> Use null-safe index operator on a non-null `members` list
+<2> Use null-safe index operator on a null `members` list
+
+Kotlin::
++
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",role="secondary"]
+----
+	val parser = SpelExpressionParser()
+	val society = IEEE()
+	val context = StandardEvaluationContext(society)
+
+	// evaluates to Inventor("Nikola Tesla")
+	var inventor = parser.parseExpression("members?.[0]") // <1>
+			.getValue(context, Inventor::class.java)
+
+	society.members = null
+
+	// evaluates to null - does not throw an exception
+	inventor = parser.parseExpression("members?.[0]") // <2>
+			.getValue(context, Inventor::class.java)
+----
+<1> Use null-safe index operator on a non-null `members` list
+<2> Use null-safe index operator on a null `members` list
+======
 
 [[expressions-operator-safe-navigation-selection-and-projection]]
 == Safe Collection Selection and Projection

framework-docs/modules/ROOT/pages/core/expressions/language-ref/properties-arrays.adoc

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ into various structures.
 NOTE: Numerical index values are zero-based, such as when accessing the n^th^ element of
 an array in Java.
 
+TIP: See the xref:core/expressions/language-ref/operator-safe-navigation.adoc[Safe Navigation Operator]
+section for details on how to navigate object graphs and index into various structures
+using the null-safe operator.
+
 [[expressions-property-navigation]]
 == Property Navigation
 

spring-expression/src/main/java/org/springframework/expression/spel/ast/Indexer.java

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 
+import org.springframework.asm.Label;
 import org.springframework.asm.MethodVisitor;
 import org.springframework.core.convert.TypeDescriptor;
 import org.springframework.expression.AccessException;
@@ -57,6 +58,13 @@
  * <li>Objects: the property with the specified name</li>
  * </ul>
  *
+ * <h3>Null-safe Indexing</h3>
+ *
+ * <p>As of Spring Framework 6.2, null-safe indexing is supported via the {@code '?.'}
+ * operator. For example, {@code 'colors?.[0]'} will evaluate to {@code null} if
+ * {@code colors} is {@code null} and will otherwise evaluate to the 0<sup>th</sup>
+ * color.
+ *
  * @author Andy Clement
  * @author Phillip Webb
  * @author Stephane Nicoll
@@ -68,9 +76,14 @@ public class Indexer extends SpelNodeImpl {
 	private enum IndexedType {ARRAY, LIST, MAP, STRING, OBJECT}
 
 
+	private final boolean nullSafe;
+
 	@Nullable
 	private IndexedType indexedType;
 
+	@Nullable
+	private String originalPrimitiveExitTypeDescriptor;
+
 	@Nullable
 	private volatile String arrayTypeDescriptor;
 
@@ -106,12 +119,34 @@ private enum IndexedType {ARRAY, LIST, MAP, STRING, OBJECT}
 	/**
 	 * Create an {@code Indexer} with the given start position, end position, and
 	 * index expression.
+	 * @see #Indexer(boolean, int, int, SpelNodeImpl)
+	 * @deprecated as of Spring Framework 6.2, in favor of {@link #Indexer(boolean, int, int, SpelNodeImpl)}
 	 */
+	@Deprecated(since = "6.2", forRemoval = true)
 	public Indexer(int startPos, int endPos, SpelNodeImpl indexExpression) {
+		this(false, startPos, endPos, indexExpression);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Create an {@code Indexer} with the given null-safe flag, start position,
+	 * end position, and index expression.
+	 * @since 6.2
+	 */
+	public Indexer(boolean nullSafe, int startPos, int endPos, SpelNodeImpl indexExpression) {
 		super(startPos, endPos, indexExpression);
+		this.nullSafe = nullSafe;
 	}
 
 
+	/**
+	 * Does this node represent a null-safe index operation?
+	 * @since 6.2
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public final boolean isNullSafe() {
+		return this.nullSafe;
+	}
+
 	@Override
 	public TypedValue getValueInternal(ExpressionState state) throws EvaluationException {
 		return getValueRef(state).getValue();
@@ -136,6 +171,15 @@ public boolean isWritable(ExpressionState expressionState) throws SpelEvaluation
 	protected ValueRef getValueRef(ExpressionState state) throws EvaluationException {
 		TypedValue context = state.getActiveContextObject();
 		Object target = context.getValue();
+
+		if (target == null) {
+			if (this.nullSafe) {
+				return ValueRef.NullValueRef.INSTANCE;
+			}
+			// Raise a proper exception in case of a null target
+			throw new SpelEvaluationException(getStartPosition(), SpelMessage.CANNOT_INDEX_INTO_NULL_VALUE);
+		}
+
 		TypeDescriptor targetDescriptor = context.getTypeDescriptor();
 		TypedValue indexValue;
 		Object index;
@@ -159,11 +203,6 @@ protected ValueRef getValueRef(ExpressionState state) throws EvaluationException
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Raise a proper exception in case of a null target
-		if (target == null) {
-			throw new SpelEvaluationException(getStartPosition(), SpelMessage.CANNOT_INDEX_INTO_NULL_VALUE);
-		}
-
 		// At this point, we need a TypeDescriptor for a non-null target object
 		Assert.state(targetDescriptor != null, "No type descriptor");
 
@@ -243,6 +282,17 @@ public void generateCode(MethodVisitor mv, CodeFlow cf) {
 			cf.loadTarget(mv);
 		}
 
+		Label skipIfNull = null;
+		if (this.nullSafe) {
+			mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+			skipIfNull = new Label();
+			Label continueLabel = new Label();
+			mv.visitJumpInsn(IFNONNULL, continueLabel);
+			CodeFlow.insertCheckCast(mv, exitTypeDescriptor);
+			mv.visitJumpInsn(GOTO, skipIfNull);
+			mv.visitLabel(continueLabel);
+		}
+
 		SpelNodeImpl index = this.children[0];
 
 		if (this.indexedType == IndexedType.ARRAY) {
@@ -305,6 +355,16 @@ else if (this.indexedType == IndexedType.OBJECT) {
 		}
 
 		cf.pushDescriptor(exitTypeDescriptor);
+
+		if (skipIfNull != null) {
+			if (this.originalPrimitiveExitTypeDescriptor != null) {
+				// The output of the indexer is a primitive, but from the logic above it
+				// might be null. So, to have a common stack element type at the skipIfNull
+				// target, it is necessary to box the primitive.
+				CodeFlow.insertBoxIfNecessary(mv, this.originalPrimitiveExitTypeDescriptor);
+			}
+			mv.visitLabel(skipIfNull);
+		}
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -368,64 +428,64 @@ private Object accessArrayElement(Object ctx, int idx) throws SpelEvaluationExce
 		if (arrayComponentType == boolean.class) {
 			boolean[] array = (boolean[]) ctx;
 			checkAccess(array.length, idx);
-			this.exitTypeDescriptor = "Z";
+			setExitTypeDescriptor("Z");
 			this.arrayTypeDescriptor = "[Z";
 			return array[idx];
 		}
 		else if (arrayComponentType == byte.class) {
 			byte[] array = (byte[]) ctx;
 			checkAccess(array.length, idx);
-			this.exitTypeDescriptor = "B";
+			setExitTypeDescriptor("B");
 			this.arrayTypeDescriptor = "[B";
 			return array[idx];
 		}
 		else if (arrayComponentType == char.class) {
 			char[] array = (char[]) ctx;
 			checkAccess(array.length, idx);
-			this.exitTypeDescriptor = "C";
+			setExitTypeDescriptor("C");
 			this.arrayTypeDescriptor = "[C";
 			return array[idx];
 		}
 		else if (arrayComponentType == double.class) {
 			double[] array = (double[]) ctx;
 			checkAccess(array.length, idx);
-			this.exitTypeDescriptor = "D";
+			setExitTypeDescriptor("D");
 			this.arrayTypeDescriptor = "[D";
 			return array[idx];
 		}
 		else if (arrayComponentType == float.class) {
 			float[] array = (float[]) ctx;
 			checkAccess(array.length, idx);
-			this.exitTypeDescriptor = "F";
+			setExitTypeDescriptor("F");
 			this.arrayTypeDescriptor = "[F";
 			return array[idx];
 		}
 		else if (arrayComponentType == int.class) {
 			int[] array = (int[]) ctx;
 			checkAccess(array.length, idx);
-			this.exitTypeDescriptor = "I";
+			setExitTypeDescriptor("I");
 			this.arrayTypeDescriptor = "[I";
 			return array[idx];
 		}
 		else if (arrayComponentType == long.class) {
 			long[] array = (long[]) ctx;
 			checkAccess(array.length, idx);
-			this.exitTypeDescriptor = "J";
+			setExitTypeDescriptor("J");
 			this.arrayTypeDescriptor = "[J";
 			return array[idx];
 		}
 		else if (arrayComponentType == short.class) {
 			short[] array = (short[]) ctx;
 			checkAccess(array.length, idx);
-			this.exitTypeDescriptor = "S";
+			setExitTypeDescriptor("S");
 			this.arrayTypeDescriptor = "[S";
 			return array[idx];
 		}
 		else {
 			Object[] array = (Object[]) ctx;
 			checkAccess(array.length, idx);
 			Object retValue = array[idx];
-			this.exitTypeDescriptor = CodeFlow.toDescriptor(arrayComponentType);
+			setExitTypeDescriptor(CodeFlow.toDescriptor(arrayComponentType));
 			this.arrayTypeDescriptor = CodeFlow.toDescriptor(array.getClass());
 			return retValue;
 		}
@@ -438,6 +498,19 @@ private void checkAccess(int arrayLength, int index) throws SpelEvaluationExcept
 		}
 	}
 
+	private void setExitTypeDescriptor(String descriptor) {
+		// If this indexer would return a primitive - and yet it is also marked
+		// null-safe - then the exit type descriptor must be promoted to the box
+		// type to allow a null value to be passed on.
+		if (this.nullSafe && CodeFlow.isPrimitive(descriptor)) {
+			this.originalPrimitiveExitTypeDescriptor = descriptor;
+			this.exitTypeDescriptor = CodeFlow.toBoxedDescriptor(descriptor);
+		}
+		else {
+			this.exitTypeDescriptor = descriptor;
+		}
+	}
+
 	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 	private <T> T convertValue(TypeConverter converter, @Nullable Object value, Class<T> targetType) {
 		T result = (T) converter.convertValue(
@@ -574,7 +647,7 @@ public TypedValue getValue() {
 						Indexer.this.cachedReadName = this.name;
 						Indexer.this.cachedReadTargetType = targetObjectRuntimeClass;
 						if (accessor instanceof CompilablePropertyAccessor compilablePropertyAccessor) {
-							Indexer.this.exitTypeDescriptor = CodeFlow.toDescriptor(compilablePropertyAccessor.getPropertyType());
+							setExitTypeDescriptor(CodeFlow.toDescriptor(compilablePropertyAccessor.getPropertyType()));
 						}
 						return accessor.read(this.evaluationContext, this.targetObject, this.name);
 					}

spring-expression/src/main/java/org/springframework/expression/spel/standard/InternalSpelExpressionParser.java

@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ private SpelNodeImpl eatNode() {
 	@Nullable
 	private SpelNodeImpl eatNonDottedNode() {
 		if (peekToken(TokenKind.LSQUARE)) {
-			if (maybeEatIndexer()) {
+			if (maybeEatIndexer(false)) {
 				return pop();
 			}
 		}
@@ -419,7 +419,8 @@ private SpelNodeImpl eatDottedNode() {
 		Token t = takeToken();  // it was a '.' or a '?.'
 		boolean nullSafeNavigation = (t.kind == TokenKind.SAFE_NAVI);
 		if (maybeEatMethodOrProperty(nullSafeNavigation) || maybeEatFunctionOrVar() ||
-				maybeEatProjection(nullSafeNavigation) || maybeEatSelection(nullSafeNavigation)) {
+				maybeEatProjection(nullSafeNavigation) || maybeEatSelection(nullSafeNavigation) ||
+				maybeEatIndexer(nullSafeNavigation)) {
 			return pop();
 		}
 		if (peekToken() == null) {
@@ -537,7 +538,7 @@ else if (maybeEatTypeReference() || maybeEatNullReference() || maybeEatConstruct
 		else if (maybeEatBeanReference()) {
 			return pop();
 		}
-		else if (maybeEatProjection(false) || maybeEatSelection(false) || maybeEatIndexer()) {
+		else if (maybeEatProjection(false) || maybeEatSelection(false) || maybeEatIndexer(false)) {
 			return pop();
 		}
 		else if (maybeEatInlineListOrMap()) {
@@ -699,7 +700,7 @@ else if (peekToken(TokenKind.COLON, true)) {  // map!
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	private boolean maybeEatIndexer() {
+	private boolean maybeEatIndexer(boolean nullSafeNavigation) {
 		Token t = peekToken();
 		if (t == null || !peekToken(TokenKind.LSQUARE, true)) {
 			return false;
@@ -709,7 +710,7 @@ private boolean maybeEatIndexer() {
 			throw internalException(t.startPos, SpelMessage.MISSING_SELECTION_EXPRESSION);
 		}
 		eatToken(TokenKind.RSQUARE);
-		this.constructedNodes.push(new Indexer(t.startPos, t.endPos, expr));
+		this.constructedNodes.push(new Indexer(nullSafeNavigation, t.startPos, t.endPos, expr));
 		return true;
 	}