Emit trait method bodies in statics

And use this as the target of the default methods or
statically resolved super or $init calls.

The call-site change is predicated on `-Yuse-trait-statics`
as a stepping stone for experimentation / bootstrapping.

I have performed this transformation in the backend,
rather than trying to reflect this in the view from
Scala symbols + ASTs.

Once we commit to this change, we can remove the
`lateInterfaces` bookkeeping from the backend, as we no
long will need to add ancestor interfaces as direct
parents to allow use of invokespecial for super calls.

```
> ;scalac sandbox/test.scala ; scala Test

[info] Running scala.tools.nsc.MainGenericRunner -usejavacp Test
T
C
[success] Total time: 2 s, completed 04/05/2016 11:07:13 AM
> eval "javap -classpath . -c -private C".!!
[info] ans: String = Compiled from "test.scala"
[info] public class C implements T {
[info]   public C();
[info]     Code:
[info]        0: aload_0
[info]        1: invokespecial #14                 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
[info]        4: aload_0
[info]        5: invokespecial #17                 // Method T.$init$:()V
[info]        8: getstatic     #23                 // Field scala/Predef$.MODULE$:Lscala/Predef$;
[info]       11: ldc           #24                 // String C
[info]       13: invokevirtual #28                 // Method scala/Predef$.println:(Ljava/lang/Object;)V
[info]       16: aload_0
[info]       17: invokespecial #32                 // Method T.foo:()I
[info]       20: pop
[info]       21: return
[info] }
> ;scalac -Yuse-trait-statics sandbox/test.scala ; scala Test

[info] Running scala.tools.nsc.MainGenericRunner -usejavacp Test
T
C
[success] Total time: 2 s, completed 04/05/2016 11:07:39 AM
> eval "javap -classpath . -c -private C".!!
[info] ans: String = Compiled from "test.scala"
[info] public class C implements T {
[info]   public C();
[info]     Code:
[info]        0: aload_0
[info]        1: invokespecial #14                 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
[info]        4: aload_0
[info]        5: invokestatic  #18                 // Method T.$init$:(LT;)V
[info]        8: getstatic     #24                 // Field scala/Predef$.MODULE$:Lscala/Predef$;
[info]       11: ldc           #25                 // String C
[info]       13: invokevirtual #29                 // Method scala/Predef$.println:(Ljava/lang/Object;)V
[info]       16: aload_0
[info]       17: invokestatic  #33                 // Method T.foo:(LT;)I
[info]       20: pop
[info]       21: return
[info] }
> eval "javap -classpath . -c -private T".!!
[info] ans: String = Compiled from "test.scala"
[info] public interface T {
[info]   public static int foo(T);
[info]     Code:
[info]        0: iconst_0
[info]        1: ireturn
[info]
[info]   public int foo();
[info]     Code:
[info]        0: aload_0
[info]        1: invokestatic  #15                 // Method foo:(LT;)I
[info]        4: ireturn
[info]
[info]   public static void $init$(T);
[info]     Code:
[info]        0: getstatic     #24                 // Field scala/Predef$.MODULE$:Lscala/Predef$;
[info]        3: ldc           #25                 // String T
[info]        5: invokevirtual #29                 // Method scala/Predef$.println:(Ljava/lang/Object;)V
[info]        8: return
[info]
[info]   public void $init$();
[info]     Code:
[info]        0: aload_0
[info]        1: invokestatic  #32                 // Method $init$:(LT;)V
[info]        4: return
[info] }
```

project/ScalaOptionParser.scala

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ object ScalaOptionParser {
     "-Ypresentation-strict", "-Ypresentation-verbose", "-Yquasiquote-debug", "-Yrangepos", "-Yreify-copypaste", "-Yreify-debug", "-Yrepl-class-based",
     "-Yrepl-sync", "-Yshow-member-pos", "-Yshow-symkinds", "-Yshow-symowners", "-Yshow-syms", "-Yshow-trees", "-Yshow-trees-compact", "-Yshow-trees-stringified", "-Ytyper-debug",
     "-Ywarn-adapted-args", "-Ywarn-dead-code", "-Ywarn-inaccessible", "-Ywarn-infer-any", "-Ywarn-nullary-override", "-Ywarn-nullary-unit", "-Ywarn-numeric-widen", "-Ywarn-unused", "-Ywarn-unused-import", "-Ywarn-value-discard",
-    "-deprecation", "-explaintypes", "-feature", "-help", "-no-specialization", "-nobootcp", "-nowarn", "-optimise", "-print", "-unchecked", "-uniqid", "-usejavacp", "-usemanifestcp", "-verbose", "-version")
+    "-deprecation", "-explaintypes", "-feature", "-help", "-no-specialization", "-nobootcp", "-nowarn", "-optimise", "-print", "-unchecked", "-uniqid", "-usejavacp", "-usemanifestcp", "-verbose", "-version", "-Yuse-trait-statics")
   private def stringSettingNames = List("-Xgenerate-phase-graph", "-Xmain-class", "-Xpluginsdir", "-Xshow-class", "-Xshow-object", "-Xsource-reader", "-Ydump-classes", "-Ygen-asmp",
     "-Ypresentation-log", "-Ypresentation-replay", "-Yrepl-outdir", "-d", "-dependencyfile", "-encoding", "-Xscript")
   private def pathSettingNames = List("-bootclasspath", "-classpath", "-extdirs", "-javabootclasspath", "-javaextdirs", "-sourcepath", "-toolcp")

src/compiler/scala/tools/nsc/backend/jvm/BCodeBodyBuilder.scala

@@ -1061,7 +1061,7 @@ abstract class BCodeBodyBuilder extends BCodeSkelBuilder {
       val receiverName = internalName(receiverClass)
 
       // super calls are only allowed to direct parents
-      if (style.isSuper && receiverClass.isTraitOrInterface && !cnode.interfaces.contains(receiverName)) {
+      if (!settings.YuseTraitStatics.value && style.isSuper && receiverClass.isTraitOrInterface && !cnode.interfaces.contains(receiverName)) {
         thisBType.info.get.inlineInfo.lateInterfaces += receiverName
         cnode.interfaces.add(receiverName)
       }
@@ -1082,7 +1082,11 @@ abstract class BCodeBodyBuilder extends BCodeSkelBuilder {
         case Virtual =>
           if (needsInterfaceCall(receiverClass)) bc.invokeinterface(receiverName, jname, mdescr, pos)
           else                               bc.invokevirtual  (receiverName, jname, mdescr, pos)
-        case Super   =>                      bc.invokespecial  (receiverName, jname, mdescr, pos)
+        case Super   =>
+          if (receiverClass.isTraitOrInterface && settings.YuseTraitStatics.value) {
+            val staticDesc = MethodBType(typeToBType(method.owner.info) :: method.info.paramTypes.map(typeToBType), typeToBType(method.info.resultType)).descriptor
+            bc.invokestatic(receiverName, jname, staticDesc, pos)
+          } else bc.invokespecial  (receiverName, jname, mdescr, pos)
       }
 
       bmType.returnType

src/compiler/scala/tools/nsc/backend/jvm/BCodeSkelBuilder.scala

@@ -489,7 +489,27 @@ abstract class BCodeSkelBuilder extends BCodeHelpers {
 
         case ValDef(mods, name, tpt, rhs) => () // fields are added in `genPlainClass()`, via `addClassFields()`
 
-        case dd : DefDef => genDefDef(dd)
+        case dd : DefDef =>
+          if (dd.symbol.owner.isTrait && dd.rhs != EmptyTree && !dd.symbol.isPrivate && !dd.symbol.hasFlag(Flags.STATIC)) {
+            // Split concrete methods in traits (including mixin constructors) into a static method
+            // with an explicit this parameter, and a non-static forwarder method.
+            val staticDefDef = {
+              val staticSym = dd.symbol.cloneSymbol
+              staticSym.setFlag(Flags.STATIC | Flags.ARTIFACT)
+              val selfParamSym = staticSym.newSyntheticValueParam(dd.symbol.owner.typeConstructor, nme.SELF)
+              staticSym.modifyInfo {
+                case mt @ MethodType(params, res) => copyMethodType(mt, selfParamSym :: params, res)
+              }
+              val selfParam = ValDef(selfParamSym)
+              treeCopy.DefDef(dd, dd.mods, dd.name, dd.tparams, (selfParam :: dd.vparamss.head) :: Nil, dd.tpt, dd.rhs).setSymbol(staticSym)
+            }
+            val forwarderDefDef = {
+              val forwarderBody = Apply(global.gen.mkAttributedRef(staticDefDef.symbol), This(dd.symbol.owner).setType(dd.symbol.owner.info) :: dd.vparamss.head.map(p => global.gen.mkAttributedIdent(p.symbol))).setType(dd.symbol.info.resultType)
+              deriveDefDef(dd)(_ => global.atPos(dd.pos)(forwarderBody))
+            }
+            genDefDef(staticDefDef)
+            genDefDef(forwarderDefDef)
+          } else genDefDef(dd)
 
         case Template(_, _, body) => body foreach gen
 

src/compiler/scala/tools/nsc/settings/ScalaSettings.scala

@@ -201,6 +201,7 @@ trait ScalaSettings extends AbsScalaSettings
   val etaExpandKeepsStar = BooleanSetting ("-Yeta-expand-keeps-star", "Eta-expand varargs methods to T* rather than Seq[T].  This is a temporary option to ease transition.").withDeprecationMessage(removalIn212)
   val inferByName     = BooleanSetting    ("-Yinfer-by-name", "Allow inference of by-name types. This is a temporary option to ease transition. See SI-7899.").withDeprecationMessage(removalIn212)
   val YdisableFlatCpCaching  = BooleanSetting    ("-YdisableFlatCpCaching", "Do not cache flat classpath representation of classpath elements from jars across compiler instances.")
+  val YuseTraitStatics  = BooleanSetting    ("-Yuse-trait-statics", "Emit super calls to trait methods with invokestatic")
 
   val exposeEmptyPackage = BooleanSetting ("-Yexpose-empty-package", "Internal only: expose the empty package.").internalOnly()
   val Ydelambdafy        = ChoiceSetting  ("-Ydelambdafy", "strategy", "Strategy used for translating lambdas into JVM code.", List("inline", "method"), "method")