Docs: Fix backtick errors found by sphinx-lint (python#97998)

Co-authored-by: Ezio Melotti <[email protected]>

Doc/c-api/init.rst

@@ -1929,7 +1929,7 @@ is not possible due to its implementation being opaque at build time.
    Free the given *key* allocated by :c:func:`PyThread_tss_alloc`, after
    first calling :c:func:`PyThread_tss_delete` to ensure any associated
    thread locals have been unassigned. This is a no-op if the *key*
-   argument is `NULL`.
+   argument is ``NULL``.
 
    .. note::
       A freed key becomes a dangling pointer. You should reset the key to

Doc/c-api/type.rst

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Type Objects
 .. c:function:: unsigned long PyType_GetFlags(PyTypeObject* type)
 
    Return the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags` member of *type*. This function is primarily
-   meant for use with `Py_LIMITED_API`; the individual flag bits are
+   meant for use with ``Py_LIMITED_API``; the individual flag bits are
    guaranteed to be stable across Python releases, but access to
    :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags` itself is not part of the limited API.
 

Doc/faq/design.rst

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ Why can't I use an assignment in an expression?
 
 Starting in Python 3.8, you can!
 
-Assignment expressions using the walrus operator `:=` assign a variable in an
+Assignment expressions using the walrus operator ``:=`` assign a variable in an
 expression::
 
    while chunk := fp.read(200):

Doc/howto/enum.rst

@@ -1109,7 +1109,7 @@ Enum Classes
 The :class:`EnumType` metaclass is responsible for providing the
 :meth:`__contains__`, :meth:`__dir__`, :meth:`__iter__` and other methods that
 allow one to do things with an :class:`Enum` class that fail on a typical
-class, such as `list(Color)` or `some_enum_var in Color`.  :class:`EnumType` is
+class, such as ``list(Color)`` or ``some_enum_var in Color``.  :class:`EnumType` is
 responsible for ensuring that various other methods on the final :class:`Enum`
 class are correct (such as :meth:`__new__`, :meth:`__getnewargs__`,
 :meth:`__str__` and :meth:`__repr__`).

Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst

@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ To run a logging listener in production, you may need to use a process-managemen
 such as `Supervisor <http://supervisord.org/>`_. `Here
 <https://gist.github.com/vsajip/4b227eeec43817465ca835ca66f75e2b>`_ is a Gist which
 provides the bare-bones files to run the above functionality using Supervisor: you
-will need to change the `/path/to/` parts in the Gist to reflect the actual paths you
+will need to change the ``/path/to/`` parts in the Gist to reflect the actual paths you
 want to use.
 
 
@@ -2774,7 +2774,7 @@ Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
 --------------------------------------------------
 
 Sometimes you want to format times using UTC, which can be done using a class
-such as `UTCFormatter`, shown below::
+such as ``UTCFormatter``, shown below::
 
     import logging
     import time

Doc/howto/logging.rst

@@ -555,14 +555,14 @@ raw message.  If there is no date format string, the default date format is:
 
     %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S
 
-with the milliseconds tacked on at the end. The ``style`` is one of `%`, '{'
-or '$'. If one of these is not specified, then '%' will be used.
+with the milliseconds tacked on at the end. The ``style`` is one of ``'%'``,
+``'{'``, or ``'$'``. If one of these is not specified, then ``'%'`` will be used.
 
-If the ``style`` is '%', the message format string uses
+If the ``style`` is ``'%'``, the message format string uses
 ``%(<dictionary key>)s`` styled string substitution; the possible keys are
-documented in :ref:`logrecord-attributes`. If the style is '{', the message
+documented in :ref:`logrecord-attributes`. If the style is ``'{'``, the message
 format string is assumed to be compatible with :meth:`str.format` (using
-keyword arguments), while if the style is '$' then the message format string
+keyword arguments), while if the style is ``'$'`` then the message format string
 should conform to what is expected by :meth:`string.Template.substitute`.
 
 .. versionchanged:: 3.2

Doc/howto/perf_profiling.rst

@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ Enabling perf profiling mode
 ----------------------------
 
 There are two main ways to activate the perf profiling mode. If you want it to be
-active since the start of the Python interpreter, you can use the `-Xperf` option:
+active since the start of the Python interpreter, you can use the ``-Xperf`` option:
 
     $ python -Xperf my_script.py
 

Doc/install/index.rst

@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ And on Windows, the configuration files are:
 +--------------+-------------------------------------------------+-------+
 
 On all platforms, the "personal" file can be temporarily disabled by
-passing the `--no-user-cfg` option.
+passing the ``--no-user-cfg`` option.
 
 Notes:
 

Doc/library/asyncio-protocol.rst

@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ accept factories that return streaming protocols.
    a connection is open.
 
    However, :meth:`protocol.eof_received() <Protocol.eof_received>`
-   is called at most once.  Once `eof_received()` is called,
+   is called at most once.  Once ``eof_received()`` is called,
    ``data_received()`` is not called anymore.
 
 .. method:: Protocol.eof_received()

Doc/library/asyncio-task.rst

@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ Timeouts
 
             Change the time the timeout will trigger.
 
-            If *when* is `None`, any current deadline will be removed, and the
+            If *when* is ``None``, any current deadline will be removed, and the
             context manager will wait indefinitely.
 
             If *when* is a float, it is set as the new deadline.
@@ -867,17 +867,17 @@ Running in Threads
        # blocking_io complete at 19:50:54
        # finished main at 19:50:54
 
-   Directly calling `blocking_io()` in any coroutine would block the event loop
+   Directly calling ``blocking_io()`` in any coroutine would block the event loop
    for its duration, resulting in an additional 1 second of run time. Instead,
-   by using `asyncio.to_thread()`, we can run it in a separate thread without
+   by using ``asyncio.to_thread()``, we can run it in a separate thread without
    blocking the event loop.
 
    .. note::
 
-      Due to the :term:`GIL`, `asyncio.to_thread()` can typically only be used
+      Due to the :term:`GIL`, ``asyncio.to_thread()`` can typically only be used
       to make IO-bound functions non-blocking. However, for extension modules
       that release the GIL or alternative Python implementations that don't
-      have one, `asyncio.to_thread()` can also be used for CPU-bound functions.
+      have one, ``asyncio.to_thread()`` can also be used for CPU-bound functions.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.9
 

Doc/library/bdb.rst

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ The :mod:`bdb` module also defines two classes:
 
       For real file names, the canonical form is an operating-system-dependent,
       :func:`case-normalized <os.path.normcase>` :func:`absolute path
-      <os.path.abspath>`. A *filename* with angle brackets, such as `"<stdin>"`
+      <os.path.abspath>`. A *filename* with angle brackets, such as ``"<stdin>"``
       generated in interactive mode, is returned unchanged.
 
    .. method:: reset()

Doc/library/bz2.rst

@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Incremental (de)compression
       will be set to ``True``.
 
       Attempting to decompress data after the end of stream is reached
-      raises an `EOFError`.  Any data found after the end of the
+      raises an :exc:`EOFError`.  Any data found after the end of the
       stream is ignored and saved in the :attr:`~.unused_data` attribute.
 
       .. versionchanged:: 3.5
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ Using :class:`BZ2Compressor` for incremental compression:
     >>> out = out + comp.flush()
 
 The example above uses a very "nonrandom" stream of data
-(a stream of `b"z"` chunks).  Random data tends to compress poorly,
+(a stream of ``b"z"`` chunks).  Random data tends to compress poorly,
 while ordered, repetitive data usually yields a high compression ratio.
 
 Writing and reading a bzip2-compressed file in binary mode:

Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ And::
 
    All threads enqueued to ``ThreadPoolExecutor`` will be joined before the
    interpreter can exit. Note that the exit handler which does this is
-   executed *before* any exit handlers added using `atexit`. This means
+   executed *before* any exit handlers added using ``atexit``. This means
    exceptions in the main thread must be caught and handled in order to
    signal threads to exit gracefully. For this reason, it is recommended
    that ``ThreadPoolExecutor`` not be used for long-running tasks.
@@ -411,13 +411,13 @@ The :class:`Future` class encapsulates the asynchronous execution of a callable.
        tests.
 
        If the method returns ``False`` then the :class:`Future` was cancelled,
-       i.e. :meth:`Future.cancel` was called and returned `True`.  Any threads
+       i.e. :meth:`Future.cancel` was called and returned ``True``.  Any threads
        waiting on the :class:`Future` completing (i.e. through
        :func:`as_completed` or :func:`wait`) will be woken up.
 
        If the method returns ``True`` then the :class:`Future` was not cancelled
        and has been put in the running state, i.e. calls to
-       :meth:`Future.running` will return `True`.
+       :meth:`Future.running` will return ``True``.
 
        This method can only be called once and cannot be called after
        :meth:`Future.set_result` or :meth:`Future.set_exception` have been

Doc/library/ctypes.rst

@@ -1948,7 +1948,7 @@ Utility functions
 .. function:: GetLastError()
 
    Windows only: Returns the last error code set by Windows in the calling thread.
-   This function calls the Windows `GetLastError()` function directly,
+   This function calls the Windows ``GetLastError()`` function directly,
    it does not return the ctypes-private copy of the error code.
 
 .. function:: get_errno()

Doc/library/curses.rst

@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ The module :mod:`curses` defines the following functions:
    Change the definition of a color, taking the number of the color to be changed
    followed by three RGB values (for the amounts of red, green, and blue
    components).  The value of *color_number* must be between ``0`` and
-   `COLORS - 1`.  Each of *r*, *g*, *b*, must be a value between ``0`` and
+   ``COLORS - 1``.  Each of *r*, *g*, *b*, must be a value between ``0`` and
    ``1000``.  When :func:`init_color` is used, all occurrences of that color on the
    screen immediately change to the new definition.  This function is a no-op on
    most terminals; it is active only if :func:`can_change_color` returns ``True``.

Doc/library/datetime.rst

@@ -1769,7 +1769,7 @@ Other constructor:
    ISO 8601 format, with the following exceptions:
 
    1. Time zone offsets may have fractional seconds.
-   2. The leading `T`, normally required in cases where there may be ambiguity between
+   2. The leading ``T``, normally required in cases where there may be ambiguity between
       a date and a time, is not required.
    3. Fractional seconds may have any number of digits (anything beyond 6 will
       be truncated).
@@ -2265,7 +2265,7 @@ where historical changes have been made to civil time.
   two digits of ``offset.hours`` and ``offset.minutes`` respectively.
 
   .. versionchanged:: 3.6
-     Name generated from ``offset=timedelta(0)`` is now plain `'UTC'`, not
+     Name generated from ``offset=timedelta(0)`` is now plain ``'UTC'``, not
      ``'UTC+00:00'``.
 
 

Doc/library/decimal.rst

@@ -576,11 +576,11 @@ Decimal objects
       Alternative constructor that only accepts instances of :class:`float` or
       :class:`int`.
 
-      Note `Decimal.from_float(0.1)` is not the same as `Decimal('0.1')`.
+      Note ``Decimal.from_float(0.1)`` is not the same as ``Decimal('0.1')``.
       Since 0.1 is not exactly representable in binary floating point, the
       value is stored as the nearest representable value which is
-      `0x1.999999999999ap-4`.  That equivalent value in decimal is
-      `0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625`.
+      ``0x1.999999999999ap-4``.  That equivalent value in decimal is
+      ``0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625``.
 
       .. note:: From Python 3.2 onwards, a :class:`Decimal` instance
          can also be constructed directly from a :class:`float`.
@@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ In addition to the three supplied contexts, new contexts can be created with the
 
    .. method:: exp(x)
 
-      Returns `e ** x`.
+      Returns ``e ** x``.
 
 
    .. method:: fma(x, y, z)

Doc/library/dis.rst

@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ details of bytecode instructions as :class:`Instruction` instances:
 
 .. class:: Positions
 
-   In case the information is not available, some fields might be `None`.
+   In case the information is not available, some fields might be ``None``.
 
    .. data:: lineno
    .. data:: end_lineno

Doc/library/email.compat32-message.rst

@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ Here are the methods of the :class:`Message` class:
    In a model generated from bytes, any header values that (in contravention of
    the RFCs) contain non-ASCII bytes will, when retrieved through this
    interface, be represented as :class:`~email.header.Header` objects with
-   a charset of `unknown-8bit`.
+   a charset of ``unknown-8bit``.
 
 
    .. method:: __len__()

Doc/library/email.headerregistry.rst

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ headers.
       specified as ``-0000`` (indicating it is in UTC but contains no
       information about the source timezone), then :attr:`.datetime` will be a
       naive :class:`~datetime.datetime`.  If a specific timezone offset is
-      found (including `+0000`), then :attr:`.datetime` will contain an aware
+      found (including ``+0000``), then :attr:`.datetime` will contain an aware
       ``datetime`` that uses :class:`datetime.timezone` to record the timezone
       offset.
 

Doc/library/fractions.rst

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ another rational number, or from a string.
       ``typing.SupportsInt`` instance checks.
 
    .. versionchanged:: 3.12
-      Space is allowed around the slash for string inputs: `Fraction('2 / 3')`.
+      Space is allowed around the slash for string inputs: ``Fraction('2 / 3')``.
 
    .. attribute:: numerator
 

Doc/library/hashlib.rst

@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ Constructor functions also accept the following tree hashing parameters:
   BLAKE2s, 0 in sequential mode).
 
 * *last_node*: boolean indicating whether the processed node is the last
-  one (`False` for sequential mode).
+  one (``False`` for sequential mode).
 
 .. figure:: hashlib-blake2-tree.png
    :alt: Explanation of tree mode parameters.

Doc/library/io.rst

@@ -1055,10 +1055,10 @@ Text I/O
    The initial value of the buffer can be set by providing *initial_value*.
    If newline translation is enabled, newlines will be encoded as if by
    :meth:`~TextIOBase.write`.  The stream is positioned at the start of the
-   buffer which emulates opening an existing file in a `w+` mode, making it
+   buffer which emulates opening an existing file in a ``w+`` mode, making it
    ready for an immediate write from the beginning or for a write that
-   would overwrite the initial value.  To emulate opening a file in an `a+`
-   mode ready for appending, use `f.seek(0, io.SEEK_END)` to reposition the
+   would overwrite the initial value.  To emulate opening a file in an ``a+``
+   mode ready for appending, use ``f.seek(0, io.SEEK_END)`` to reposition the
    stream at the end of the buffer.
 
    The *newline* argument works like that of :class:`TextIOWrapper`,

Doc/library/lzma.rst

@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ Compressing and decompressing data in memory
       will be set to ``True``.
 
       Attempting to decompress data after the end of stream is reached
-      raises an `EOFError`.  Any data found after the end of the
+      raises an :exc:`EOFError`.  Any data found after the end of the
       stream is ignored and saved in the :attr:`~.unused_data` attribute.
 
       .. versionchanged:: 3.5

Doc/library/os.rst

@@ -3194,7 +3194,7 @@ features:
    system records access and modification times; see :func:`~os.stat`. The best
    way to preserve exact times is to use the *st_atime_ns* and *st_mtime_ns*
    fields from the :func:`os.stat` result object with the *ns* parameter to
-   `utime`.
+   :func:`utime`.
 
    This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>`,
    :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>` and :ref:`not
@@ -4094,7 +4094,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
    library :c:data:`POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS` flag.
 
    If the *setsid* argument is ``True``, it will create a new session ID
-   for `posix_spawn`. *setsid* requires :c:data:`POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID`
+   for ``posix_spawn``. *setsid* requires :c:data:`POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID`
    or :c:data:`POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID_NP` flag. Otherwise, :exc:`NotImplementedError`
    is raised.
 

Doc/library/select.rst

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ The module defines the following:
    events.
 
    *sizehint* informs epoll about the expected number of events to be
-   registered.  It must be positive, or `-1` to use the default. It is only
+   registered.  It must be positive, or ``-1`` to use the default. It is only
    used on older systems where :c:func:`epoll_create1` is not available;
    otherwise it has no effect (though its value is still checked).
 

Doc/library/socket.rst

@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ The following functions all create :ref:`socket objects <socket-objects>`.
       When :const:`SOCK_NONBLOCK` or :const:`SOCK_CLOEXEC`
       bit flags are applied to *type* they are cleared, and
       :attr:`socket.type` will not reflect them.  They are still passed
-      to the underlying system `socket()` call.  Therefore,
+      to the underlying system ``socket()`` call.  Therefore,
 
       ::
 

Doc/library/statistics.rst

@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ of applications in statistics.
        The relative likelihood is computed as the probability of a sample
        occurring in a narrow range divided by the width of the range (hence
        the word "density").  Since the likelihood is relative to other points,
-       its value can be greater than `1.0`.
+       its value can be greater than ``1.0``.
 
     .. method:: NormalDist.cdf(x)
 

Doc/library/sys.rst

@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ always available.
    Print low-level information to stderr about the state of CPython's memory
    allocator.
 
-   If Python is `built in debug mode <debug-build>` (:option:`configure
+   If Python is :ref:`built in debug mode <debug-build>` (:option:`configure
    --with-pydebug option <--with-pydebug>`), it also performs some expensive
    internal consistency checks.
 
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ always available.
    files to (and read them from) a parallel directory tree rooted at this
    directory, rather than from ``__pycache__`` directories in the source code
    tree. Any ``__pycache__`` directories in the source code tree will be ignored
-   and new `.pyc` files written within the pycache prefix. Thus if you use
+   and new ``.pyc`` files written within the pycache prefix. Thus if you use
    :mod:`compileall` as a pre-build step, you must ensure you run it with the
    same pycache prefix (if any) that you will use at runtime.
 
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ always available.
 .. function:: get_asyncgen_hooks()
 
    Returns an *asyncgen_hooks* object, which is similar to a
-   :class:`~collections.namedtuple` of the form `(firstiter, finalizer)`,
+   :class:`~collections.namedtuple` of the form ``(firstiter, finalizer)``,
    where *firstiter* and *finalizer* are expected to be either ``None`` or
    functions which take an :term:`asynchronous generator iterator` as an
    argument, and are used to schedule finalization of an asynchronous

Doc/library/unittest.mock-examples.rst

@@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ on first use).
 That aside there is a way to use ``mock`` to affect the results of an import.
 Importing fetches an *object* from the :data:`sys.modules` dictionary. Note that it
 fetches an *object*, which need not be a module. Importing a module for the
-first time results in a module object being put in `sys.modules`, so usually
+first time results in a module object being put in ``sys.modules``, so usually
 when you import something you get a module back. This need not be the case
 however.