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rebase certificates PR on Hugo master #9842

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Aug 16, 2018
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rebase certificates PR on Hugo master #9842

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48d7eba
rebase certificates PR on Hugo master
Aug 13, 2018
24793ac
Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into certs-liztio
Aug 14, 2018
a3001b4
fix per comments, add note about front-proxy
Aug 15, 2018
fedfc2b
Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into certs-liztio
Aug 15, 2018
91a7702
fix up key usage table and references
Aug 16, 2018
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139 changes: 139 additions & 0 deletions content/en/docs/setup/certificates.md
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---
title: PKI Certificates and Requirements
reviewers:
- sig-cluster-lifecycle
content_template: templates/concept
---

{{% capture overview %}}

Kubernetes requires PKI certificates for authentication over TLS.
If you install Kubernetes with [kubeadm](/docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/kubeadm/), the certificates that your cluster requires are automatically generated.
You can also generate your own certificates -- for example, to keep your private keys more secure by not storing them on the API server.
This page explains the certificates that your cluster requires.

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## How certificates are used by your cluster

Kubernetes requires PKI for the following operations:

* Client certificates for the kubelet to authenticate to the API server
* Server certificate for the API server endpoint
* Client certificates for administrators of the cluster to authenticate to the API server
* Client certificates for the API server to talk to the kubelets
* Client certificate for the API server to talk to etcd
* Client certificate/kubeconfig for the controller manager to talk to the API server
* Client certificate/kubeconfig for the scheduler to talk to the API server.
* Client and server certificates for the [front-proxy][proxy]

{{< note >}}
**Note:** `front-proxy` certificates are required only if you run kube-proxy to support [an extension API server](/docs/tasks/access-kubernetes-api/setup-extension-api-server/).
{{< /note >}}

etcd also implements mutual TLS to authenticate clients and peers.

## Where certificates are stored

If you install Kubernetes with kubeadm, certificates are stored in `/etc/kubernetes/pki`. All paths in this documentation are relative to that directory.

## Configure certificates manually

If you don't want kubeadm to generate the required certificates, you can create them in either of the following ways.

### Single root CA

You can create a single root CA, controlled by an adminstrator. This root CA can then create multiple intermediate CAs, and delegate all further creation to Kubernetes itself.

Required CAs:

| path | Default CN | description |
|------------------------|---------------------------|----------------------------------|
| ca.crt,key | kubernetes-ca | Kubernetes general CA |
| etcd/ca.crt,key | etcd-ca | For all etcd-related functions |
| front-proxy-ca.crt,key | kubernetes-front-proxy-ca | For the [front-end proxy][proxy] |

### All certificates

If you don't wish to copy these private keys to your API servers, you can generate all certificates yourself.

Required certificates:

| Default CN | Parent CA | O (in Subject) | kind | hosts (SAN) |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------|----------------|----------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| kube-etcd | etcd-ca | | server, client [<sup>1</sup>][etcdbug] | `localhost`, `127.0.0.1` |
| kube-etcd-peer | etcd-ca | | server, client | `<hostname>`, `<Host_IP>`, `localhost`, `127.0.0.1` |
| kube-etcd-healthcheck-client | etcd-ca | | client | |
| kube-apiserver-etcd-client | etcd-ca | system:masters | client | |
| kube-apiserver | kubernetes-ca | | server | `<hostname>`, `<Host_IP>`, `<advertise_IP>`, `[1]` |
| kube-apiserver-kubelet-client | kubernetes-ca | system:masters | client | |
| front-proxy-client | kubernetes-front-proxy-ca | | client | |

[1]: `kubernetes`, `kubernetes.default`, `kubernetes.default.svc`, `kubernetes.default.svc.cluster`, `kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local`

where `kind` maps to one or more of the [x509 key usage][usage] types:

| kind | Key usage |
|--------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| server | digital signature, key encipherment, server auth |
| client | digital signature, key encipherment, client auth |

### Certificate paths

Certificates should be placed in a recommended path (as used by [kubeadm][kubeadm]). Paths should be specified using the given argument regardless of location.

| Default CN | recommend key path | recommended cert path | command | key argument | cert argument |
|------------------------------|------------------------------|-----------------------------|----------------|------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
| etcd-ca | | etcd/ca.crt | kube-apiserver | | --etcd-cafile |
| etcd-client | apiserver-etcd-client.crt | apiserver-etcd-client.crt | kube-apiserver | --etcd-certfile | --etcd-keyfile |
| kubernetes-ca | | ca.crt | kube-apiserver | --client-ca-file | |
| kube-apiserver | apiserver.crt | apiserver.key | kube-apiserver | --tls-cert-file | --tls-private-key |
| apiserver-kubelet-client | apiserver-kubelet-client.crt | | kube-apiserver | --kubelet-client-certificate | |
| front-proxy-client | front-proxy-client.key | front-proxy-client.crt | kube-apiserver | --proxy-client-cert-file | --proxy-client-key-file |
| | | | | | |
| etcd-ca | | etcd/ca.crt | etcd | | --trusted-ca-file, --peer-trusted-ca-file |
| kube-etcd | | etcd/server.crt | etcd | | --cert-file |
| kube-etcd-peer | etcd/peer.key | etcd/peer.crt | etcd | --peer-key-file | --peer-cert-file |
| etcd-ca | | etcd/ca.crt | etcdctl[2] | | --cacert |
| kube-etcd-healthcheck-client | etcd/healthcheck-client.key | etcd/healthcheck-client.crt | etcdctl[2] | --key | --cert |

[2]: For a liveness probe, if self-hosted

## Configure certificates for user accounts

You must manually configure these administrator account and service accounts:

| filename | credential name | Default CN | O (in Subject) |
|-------------------------|----------------------------|--------------------------------|----------------|
| admin.conf | default-admin | kubernetes-admin | system:masters |
| kubelet.conf | default-auth | system:node:`<nodename>` | system:nodes |
| controller-manager.conf | default-controller-manager | system:kube-controller-manager | |
| scheduler.conf | default-manager | system:kube-scheduler | |

1. For each config, generate an x509 cert/key pair with the given CN and O.

1. Run `kubectl` as follows for each config:

```shell
KUBECONFIG=<filename> kubectl config set-cluster default-cluster --server=https://<host ip>:6443 --certificate-authority <path-to-kubernetes-ca> --embed-certs
KUBECONFIG=<filename> kubectl config set-credentials <credential-name> --client-key <path-to-key>.pem --client-certificate <path-to-cert>.pem --embed-certs
KUBECONFIG=<filename> kubectl config set-context default-system --cluster default-cluster --user <credential-name>
KUBECONFIG=<filename> kubectl config use-context default-system
```

These files are used as follows:

| filename | command | comment |
|-------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| admin.conf | kubectl | Configures administrator user for the cluster |
| kubelet.conf | kubelet | One required for each node in the cluster. |
| controller-manager.conf | kube-controller-manager | Must be added to manifest in `manifests/kube-controller-manager.yaml` |
| scheduler.conf | kube-scheduler | Must be added to manifest in `manifests/kube-scheduler.yaml` |

[usage]: https://godoc.org/k8s.io/api/certificates/v1beta1#KeyUsage
[kubeadm]: /docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/kubeadm/
[proxy]: /docs/tasks/access-kubernetes-api/configure-aggregation-layer/

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6 changes: 1 addition & 5 deletions content/en/docs/setup/independent/kubelet-integration.md
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Expand Up @@ -20,16 +20,14 @@ system or service manager. When the kubelet is installed using DEBs or RPMs,
systemd is configured to manage the kubelet. You can use a different service
manager instead, but you need to configure it manually.

Some kublet configuration details need to be the same across all kubelets involved in the cluster, while
Some kubelet configuration details need to be the same across all kubelets involved in the cluster, while
other configuration aspects need to be set on a per-kubelet basis, to accommodate the different
characteristics of a given machine, such as OS, storage, and networking. You can manage the configuration
of your kubelets manually, but [kubeadm now provides a `MasterConfig` API type for managing your
kubelet configurations centrally](#configure-kubelets-using-kubeadm).

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## Kubelet configuration patterns
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -98,8 +96,6 @@ such as systemd.

## Configure kubelets using kubeadm

{{ feature-state for_k8s_version="1.11" state="stable" }}

The kubeadm config API type `MasterConfiguration` embeds the kubelet's ComponentConfig under
the `.kubeletConfiguration.baseConfig` key. Any user writing a `MasterConfiguration`
file can use this configuration key to also set the base-level configuration for all kubelets
Expand Down