feat: check_exclude_cols option

[willmaclean]

Resolves #10438

This is failing tests but that's because the dbt-adapters PR here needs merging first. If anyone has any guidance on how to get my dbt-core pointing at my dev branch of dbt-adapters so I can look at the tests, then let me know!

Problem

Want a more streamlined way of doing multi-column check strategies.

Solution

Having a check_exclude_columns option

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me.
• I have run this code in development, and it appears to resolve the stated issue.
• This PR includes tests, or tests are not required or relevant for this PR.
• This PR has no interface changes (e.g., macros, CLI, logs, JSON artifacts, config files, adapter interface, etc.) or this PR has already received feedback and approval from Product or DX.
• This PR includes type annotations for new and modified functions.

[willmaclean]

I'm also not really sure what the best way of handling the regenerated schema is.

[gshank]

Normally when we need to reference a branch in another repo we update the dev-requirements.txt file and specify it there. Then remove it when the pr is approved and we're ready to merge.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 87.50000% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 84.87%. Comparing base (c668846) to head (45a787e).
Report is 12 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #10488      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   88.86%   84.87%   -3.99%     
==========================================
  Files         180      180              
  Lines       22560    22648      +88     
==========================================
- Hits        20047    19222     -825     
- Misses       2513     3426     +913     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	81.42% <62.50%> (-4.78%)	⬇️
unit	62.23% <75.00%> (+0.09%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Components	Coverage Δ
Unit Tests	62.23% <75.00%> (+0.09%)	⬆️
Integration Tests	81.42% <62.50%> (-4.78%)	⬇️

[willmaclean]

Normally when we need to reference a branch in another repo we update the dev-requirements.txt file and specify it there. Then remove it when the pr is approved and we're ready to merge.

Thanks! will do this now