introduce DagsterModel (#20637)

## Summary & Motivation

Introduces a `StrictModel` class, which is a subclass of
`pydantic.BaseModel` that's frozen and doesn't allow default constructor
arguments that aren't class members.

The idea is for this to eventually replace all our uses of `NamedTuple`,
`BaseModel`, and `@dataclass`.

This is a replacement for the unmerged
#20461.

Downstream PRs that demonstrate its usage:
- #20641
- #20643
- #20638

## How I Tested These Changes

python_modules/dagster/dagster/_model/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+
+class DagsterModel(BaseModel):
+    """Standardizes on Pydantic settings that are stricter than the default.
+    - Frozen, to avoid complexity caused by mutation.
+    - extra=forbid, to avoid bugs caused by accidentally constructing with the wrong arguments.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **data: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(**data)
+
+    class Config:
+        extra = "forbid"
+        frozen = True

python_modules/dagster/dagster_tests/general_tests/test_serdes.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 import pydantic
 import pytest
 from dagster._check import ParameterCheckError, inst_param, set_param
+from dagster._model import DagsterModel
 from dagster._serdes.errors import DeserializationError, SerdesUsageError, SerializationError
 from dagster._serdes.serdes import (
     EnumSerializer,
@@ -822,6 +823,11 @@ class SomeModel(pydantic.BaseModel):
         id: int
         name: str
 
+    @_whitelist_for_serdes(test_env)
+    class SomeDagsterModel(DagsterModel):
+        id: int
+        name: str
+
     @_whitelist_for_serdes(test_env)
     @pydantic.dataclasses.dataclass
     class DataclassObj:
@@ -830,8 +836,16 @@ class DataclassObj:
         d: InnerDataclass
         nt: SomeNT
         m: SomeModel
-
-    o = DataclassObj("woo", 4, InnerDataclass(1.2), SomeNT([1, 2, 3]), SomeModel(id=4, name="zuck"))
+        st: SomeDagsterModel
+
+    o = DataclassObj(
+        "woo",
+        4,
+        InnerDataclass(1.2),
+        SomeNT([1, 2, 3]),
+        SomeModel(id=4, name="zuck"),
+        SomeDagsterModel(id=4, name="zuck"),
+    )
     ser_o = serialize_value(o, whitelist_map=test_env)
     assert deserialize_value(ser_o, whitelist_map=test_env) == o
 

python_modules/dagster/dagster_tests/model_tests/test_dagster_model.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import pytest
+from dagster._model import DagsterModel
+from pydantic import ValidationError
+
+
+def test_override_constructor_in_subclass():
+    class MyClass(DagsterModel):
+        foo: str
+        bar: int
+
+        def __init__(self, foo: str, bar: int):
+            super().__init__(foo=foo, bar=bar)
+
+    MyClass(foo="fdsjk", bar=4)
+
+
+def test_override_constructor_in_subclass_different_arg_names():
+    class MyClass(DagsterModel):
+        foo: str
+        bar: int
+
+        def __init__(self, fooarg: str, bararg: int):
+            super().__init__(foo=fooarg, bar=bararg)
+
+    MyClass(fooarg="fdsjk", bararg=4)
+
+
+def test_override_constructor_in_subclass_wrong_type():
+    class MyClass(DagsterModel):
+        foo: str
+        bar: int
+
+        def __init__(self, foo: str, bar: str):
+            super().__init__(foo=foo, bar=bar)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
+        MyClass(foo="fdsjk", bar="fdslk")