feat: Added MissingDataError + Data processing tutorial (#406)

Related to Issue #380 

### Summary of Changes

Added a new data processing tutorial

`from_rows` and `from_columns` now raise a `MissingDataError` if the
provided lists of rows/columns are empty
if none of the rows of a table in `filter_rows` match with the query the
function now returns an empty table with the same schema as the original
table

---------

Co-authored-by: Marsmaennchen221 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: WinPlay02 <[email protected]>

Runtime/safe-ds/safeds/data/tabular/_table.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
     ColumnSizeError,
     DuplicateColumnNameError,
     IndexOutOfBoundsError,
+    MissingDataError,
     MissingSchemaError,
     NonNumericColumnError,
     SchemaMismatchError,
@@ -163,9 +164,14 @@ def from_rows(rows: list[Row]) -> Table:
 
         Raises
         ------
+        MissingDataError
+            If an empty list is given.
         SchemaMismatchError
             If any of the row schemas does not match with the others.
         """
+        if len(rows) == 0:
+            raise MissingDataError("This function requires at least one row.")
+
         schema_compare: TableSchema = rows[0].schema
         row_array: list[Series] = []
 
@@ -195,9 +201,14 @@ def from_columns(columns: list[Column]) -> Table:
 
         Raises
         ------
+        MissingDataError
+            If an empty list is given.
         ColumnLengthMismatchError
             If any of the column sizes does not match with the others.
         """
+        if len(columns) == 0:
+            raise MissingDataError("This function requires at least one column.")
+
         dataframe: DataFrame = pd.DataFrame()
 
         for column in columns:
@@ -405,7 +416,10 @@ def filter_rows(self, query: Callable[[Row], bool]) -> Table:
         """
 
         rows: list[Row] = [row for row in self.to_rows() if query(row)]
-        result_table: Table = self.from_rows(rows)
+        if len(rows) == 0:
+            result_table = Table([], self.schema)
+        else:
+            result_table = self.from_rows(rows)
         return result_table
 
     def count_rows(self) -> int:

Runtime/safe-ds/safeds/exceptions/__init__.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
     ColumnSizeError,
     DuplicateColumnNameError,
     IndexOutOfBoundsError,
+    MissingDataError,
     MissingSchemaError,
     NonNumericColumnError,
     SchemaMismatchError,

Runtime/safe-ds/safeds/exceptions/_data_exceptions.py

@@ -94,3 +94,12 @@ class ColumnLengthMismatchError(Exception):
 
     def __init__(self, column_info: str):
         super().__init__(f"The length of at least one column differs: \n{column_info}")
+
+
+class MissingDataError(Exception):
+    """
+    Exception raised if a function is not given enough data to succeed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, missing_data_info: str):
+        super().__init__(f"The function is missing data: \n{missing_data_info}")

Runtime/safe-ds/tests/data/tabular/_column/test_from_columns.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import pandas as pd
+import pytest
 from safeds.data.tabular import Column, Table
+from safeds.exceptions import MissingDataError
 
 
 def test_from_columns() -> None:
@@ -11,3 +13,8 @@ def test_from_columns() -> None:
     table_restored: Table = Table.from_columns(columns_table)
 
     assert table_restored == table_expected
+
+
+def test_from_columns_invalid() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(MissingDataError):
+        Table.from_columns([])

Runtime/safe-ds/tests/data/tabular/_row/test_from_rows.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+import pytest
 from safeds.data.tabular import Row, Table
+from safeds.exceptions import MissingDataError
 
 
 def test_from_rows() -> None:
@@ -7,3 +9,8 @@ def test_from_rows() -> None:
     table_is: Table = Table.from_rows(rows_is)
 
     assert table_is == table_expected
+
+
+def test_from_rows_invalid() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(MissingDataError):
+        Table.from_rows([])