Basic Formal Ontology

This repository maintains the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) artifact conformant to the requirements specified in ISO/IEC 21838‑1 for top-level ontologies. BFO contains classes and relations representing content common to all areas of scientific investigation, e.g. object, process, etc. and is used as a top-level architecture by numerous ontologies in the Open Biomedical and Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry, the Industrial Ontologies Foundry (IOF), and the Common Core Ontologies suite. Ontologies conformant to BFO promote interoperability, standardization, and reuse among domain-level ontologies.

BFO-CCO Office Hours

The BFO developer team have partnered with the developers of the Common Core Ontologies to hold biweekly "office hours", which meet alternate Fridays remotely for an hour starting at 11am EST. For more information see here or contact John Beverley at johnbeve[@]buffalo.edu.

Current Release

• The current release of BFO 2020 is the "bfo-core.owl" file located in this repository: src/owl/bfo-core.owl.
• The most current version of these files can always be found at: https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO-2020

Directory Structure

• documentation
  • axiomatization pdfs - Contains first-order axiomatizations of BFO sub-theories stored in PDFs, such as: continuant-mereology.pdf
  • FAQ - Contains guidance for contributing to this repository, using Github workflows, and so on.
  • images - Contains images used in this repository.
  • user guides - Directory for planned user guides for: ontology developers, software developers and subject matter experts.
• src
  • owl - Contains Web Ontology Language (OWL2) implementations of BFO in RDF/XML, Functional-style Syntax, and Terse RDF Triple Language.
  • common logic - Contains the Common Logic Interchange Format (CLIF) implementation of BFO separated into files representing sub-theories of BFO, such as: material-entity.cl.
  • prover9 - Contains an implementation of BFO that is readable by the Prover9 automated theorem prover, separated into files representing sub-theories of BFO, such as: temporal-region.prover9.
  • sparql - Contains quality control checks written in the SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL) which are used to ensure updates to bfo-core.owl do not violate design principles, such as having exactly one skos:prefLabel per language: exactly_1_prefLabel_per_lang.sparql.
• temporal extensions - Contains R&D project extending bfo-core.owl to stronger representations of time, as well as supplementary documentation supporting such extensions.

License

These documents are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.

Documentation

• For further documentation concerning this repository, see the BFO Documentation Page.
• For further information about building ontologies using BFO artifacts and strategies, see Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology.
• For example BFO design patterns, see the article Basic Formal Ontology: Case Studies.
• For information about upcoming and past BFO events, see NCOR.

Development Team

• Barry Smith, SUNY Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Julian Park Chair, University at Buffalo, Department of Philosophy
• Alan Ruttenberg, Director of Clinical and Translational Data Exchange, University at Buffalo
• John Beverley, Assistant Professor, University at Buffalo

Basic Formal Ontology Hierarchy

graph LR
    A(Entity):::BFO --> B(Continuant)
    B(Continuant):::BFO --> D(Specifically Dependent<br> Continuant)
    B(Continuant) --> E(Generically Dependent<br> Continuant):::BFO
    B(Continuant) --> F(Independent<br> Continuant)
    F(Independent<br> Continuant):::BFO --> G(Material Entity)
    F(Independent<br> Continuant) --> H(Immaterial<br> Entity)
    D(Specifically Dependent<br> Continuant):::BFO --> I(Quality)
    D(Specifically Dependent<br> Continuant) --> J(Realizable<br> Entity):::BFO
    I(Quality):::BFO --> K(Relational<br> Quality):::BFO
    J(Realizable<br> Entity):::BFO --> L(Role):::BFO
    J(Realizable<br> Entity) --> M(Disposition):::BFO
    M(Disposition) --> N(Function):::BFO
    H(Immaterial<br> Entity):::BFO --> O(Site):::BFO
    H(Immaterial<br> Entity) --> P(Spatial<br> Region):::BFO
    H(Immaterial<br> Entity) --> Q(Continuant Fiat<br> Boundary):::BFO
    Q(Continuant Fiat<br> Boundary):::BFO --> R(Fiat<br> Point):::BFO
    Q(Continuant Fiat<br> Boundary) --> S(Fiat<br> Surface):::BFO
    Q(Continuant Fiat<br> Boundary) --> T(Fiat<br> Line):::BFO
    P(Spatial<br> Region):::BFO --> VD(Zero-Dimensional<br> Spatial Region):::BFO
    P(Spatial<br> Region):::BFO --> U(One-Dimensional<br> Spatial Region):::BFO
    P(Spatial<br> Region):::BFO --> V(Two-Dimensional<br> Spatial Region):::BFO
    P(Spatial<br> Region):::BFO --> W(Three-Dimensional<br> Spatial Region):::BFO
    G(Material<br> Entity):::BFO --> X(Fiat Object Part):::BFO
    G(Material<br> Entity):::BFO --> Y(Object<br> Aggregate):::BFO
    G(Material<br> Entity):::BFO --> Z(Object):::BFO
    A(Entity):::BFO --> C(Occurrent):::BFO
    C(Occurrent):::BFO --> AA(Process):::BFO
    C(Occurrent) --> AB(Process<br> Boundary):::BFO
    C(Occurrent) --> AC(Temporal<br> Region):::BFO
    C(Occurrent) --> AD(Spatiotemporal<br> Region):::BFO
    AA(Process):::BFO --> AE(History):::BFO
    AC(Temporal<br> Region):::BFO --> AF(Zero-Dimensional<br> Temporal Region):::BFO
    AC(Temporal<br> Region) --> AI(One-Dimensional<br> Temporal Region):::BFO
    AF(Zero-Dimensional<br> Temporal Region):::BFO --> AG(Temporal<br> Instant):::BFO
    AI(One-Dimensional<br> Temporal Region):::BFO --> AH(Temporal<br> Interval):::BFO

    classDef BFO fill:#F5AD27,color:#060606

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