SNOW-592647 consolidate definitions and resolve circular dependency issues

[sfc-gh-mkeller]

Please answer these questions before submitting your pull requests. Thanks!

1. What GitHub issue is this PR addressing? Make sure that there is an accompanying issue to your PR.

   Fixes SNOW-592647: IndexError: list index out of range in snowflake/connector/result_batch.py:698: IndexError #1145

2. Fill out the following pre-review checklist:

   • I am adding a new automated test(s) to verify correctness of my new code
   • I am adding new logging messages
   • I am modifying authorization mechanisms
   • I am adding new credentials
   • I am modifying OCSP code
   • I am adding a new dependency

3. Please describe how your code solves the related issue.

   In this PR I fix an issue that was introduced in SNOW-499804 Add Geography Types #966 where a new type was added to snowflake.connector.constants.FIELD_TYPES, but this type was not added to FIELD_TYPE_TO_PA_TYPE defined in snowflake.connector.result_batch.ArrowResultBatch._create_empty_table.
   In this PR I move the later definition into the former to prevent them drifting apart in the future.
   I had to then move around definitions and import statements to prevent circular import issues and I also rewrote a couple of tests.

[sfc-gh-sfan]

The change itself looks good to me. I'm wondering if there is a test or linter to make sure we don't accidentally introduce circular dependencies in the future?

[sfc-gh-mkeller]

The change itself looks good to me. I'm wondering if there is a test or linter to make sure we don't accidentally introduce circular dependencies in the future?

Python itself will do this for you, just importing snowflake.connector caused Python to stop before I moved the import statements into the functions that needed them.

[sfc-gh-mkeller]

Thanks to #1158 (comment) I found that in the case of from . import subpackage the imported module acts lazy, so importing modules this way allows us to import everything at module level only and resolve them only when we need them only.
Good find @sfc-gh-aling , thank you!