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Poly
- Introduction
- Concept and implementation
- Inheritance
- Static polymorphism in the wild
- Storage size and alignment requirement
Static polymorphism is a very powerful tool in C++, albeit sometimes cumbersome
to obtain.
This module aims to make it simple and easy to use.
The library allows to define concepts as interfaces to fulfill with concrete
classes without having to inherit from a common base.
Among others, this is one of the advantages of static polymorphism in general
and of a generic wrapper like that offered by the poly
class template in
particular.
The result is an object to pass around as such and not through a reference or a
pointer, as it happens when it comes to working with dynamic polymorphism.
Since the poly
class template makes use of entt::any
internally, it also
supports most of its feature. For example, the possibility to create aliases to
existing and thus unmanaged objects. This allows users to exploit the static
polymorphism while maintaining ownership of objects.
Likewise, the poly
class template also benefits from the small buffer
optimization offered by the entt::any
class and therefore minimizes the number
of allocations, avoiding them altogether where possible.
There are some very interesting libraries regarding static polymorphism.
The ones that I like more are:
-
dyno
: runtime polymorphism done right. -
Poly
: a class template that makes it easy to define a type-erasing polymorphic object wrapper.
The former is admittedly an experimental library, with many interesting ideas.
I've some doubts about the usefulness of some feature in real world projects,
but perhaps my lack of experience comes into play here. In my opinion, its only
flaw is the API which I find slightly more cumbersome than other solutions.
The latter was undoubtedly a source of inspiration for this module, although I
opted for different choices in the implementation of both the final API and some
feature.
Either way, the authors are gurus of the C++ community, people I only have to learn from.
The first thing to do to create a type-erasing polymorphic object wrapper (to
use the terminology introduced by Eric Niebler) is to define a concept that
types will have to adhere to.
For this purpose, the library offers a single class that supports both deduced
and fully defined interfaces. Although having interfaces deduced automatically
is convenient and allows users to write less code in most cases, it has some
limitations and it's therefore useful to be able to get around the deduction by
providing a custom definition for the static virtual table.
Once the interface is defined, a generic implementation is needed to fulfill the
concept itself.
Also in this case, the library allows customizations based on types or families
of types, so as to be able to go beyond the generic case where necessary.
This is how a concept with a deduced interface is defined:
struct Drawable: entt::type_list<> {
template<typename Base>
struct type: Base {
void draw() { this->template invoke<0>(*this); }
};
// ...
};
It's recognizable by the fact that it inherits from an empty type list.
Functions can also be const, accept any number of parameters and return a type
other than void
:
struct Drawable: entt::type_list<> {
template<typename Base>
struct type: Base {
bool draw(int pt) const { return this->template invoke<0>(*this, pt); }
};
// ...
};
In this case, all parameters are passed to invoke
after the reference to
this
and the return value is whatever the internal call returns.
As for invoke
, this is a name that is injected into the concept through
Base
, from which one must necessarily inherit. Since it's also a dependent
name, the this-> template
form is unfortunately necessary due to the rules of
the language. However, there also exists an alternative that goes through an
external call:
struct Drawable: entt::type_list<> {
template<typename Base>
struct type: Base {
void draw() const { entt::poly_call<0>(*this); }
};
// ...
};
Once the concept is defined, users must provide a generic implementation of it
in order to tell the system how any type can satisfy its requirements. This is
done via an alias template within the concept itself.
The index passed as a template parameter to either invoke
or poly_call
refers to how this alias is defined.
A fully defined concept is no different to one for which the interface is deduced, with the only difference that the list of types is not empty this time:
struct Drawable: entt::type_list<void()> {
template<typename Base>
struct type: Base {
void draw() { entt::poly_call<0>(*this); }
};
// ...
};
Again, parameters and return values other than void
are allowed. Also, the
function type must be const when the method to bind to it is const:
struct Drawable: entt::type_list<bool(int) const> {
template<typename Base>
struct type: Base {
bool draw(int pt) const { return entt::poly_call<0>(*this, pt); }
};
// ...
};
Why should a user fully define a concept if the function types are the same as
the deduced ones?
In fact, this is the limitation that can be worked around by manually defining
the static virtual table.
When things are deduced, there is an implicit constraint.
If the concept exposes a member function called draw
with function type
void()
, a concept is satisfied:
-
Either by a class that exposes a member function with the same name and the same signature.
-
Or through a lambda that makes use of existing member functions from the interface itself.
In other words, it's not possible to make use of functions not belonging to the
interface, even if they're part of the types that fulfill the concept.
Similarly, it's not possible to deduce a function in the static virtual table
with a function type different from that of the associated member function in
the interface itself.
Explicitly defining a static virtual table suppresses the deduction step and allows maximum flexibility when providing the implementation for a concept.
The impl
alias template of a concept is used to define how it's fulfilled:
struct Drawable: entt::type_list<> {
// ...
template<typename Type>
using impl = entt::value_list<&Type::draw>;
};
In this case, it's stated that the draw
method of a generic type is enough to
satisfy the requirements of the Drawable
concept.
Both member functions and free functions are supported to fulfill concepts:
template<typename Type>
void print(Type &self) { self.print(); }
struct Drawable: entt::type_list<void()> {
// ...
template<typename Type>
using impl = entt::value_list<&print<Type>>;
};
Likewise, as long as the parameter types and return type support conversions to
and from those of the function type referenced in the static virtual table, the
actual implementation may differ in its function type since it's erased
internally.
Moreover, the self
parameter isn't strictly required by the system and can be
left out for free functions if not required.
Refer to the inline documentation for more details.
Concept inheritance is straightforward due to how poly looks like in EnTT
.
Therefore, it's quite easy to build hierarchies of concepts if necessary.
The only constraint is that all concepts in a hierarchy must belong to the same
family, that is, they must be either all deduced or all defined.
For a deduced concept, inheritance is achieved in a few steps:
struct DrawableAndErasable: entt::type_list<> {
template<typename Base>
struct type: typename Drawable::type<Base> {
static constexpr auto base = Drawable::impl<Drawable::type<entt::poly_inspector>>::size;
void erase() { entt::poly_call<base + 0>(*this); }
};
template<typename Type>
using impl = entt::value_list_cat_t<
typename Drawable::impl<Type>,
entt::value_list<&Type::erase>
>;
};
The static virtual table is empty and must remain so.
On the other hand, type
no longer inherits from Base
. Instead, it forwards
its template parameter to the type exposed by the base class. Internally, the
size of the static virtual table of the base class is used as an offset for
the local indexes.
Finally, by means of the value_list_cat_t
utility, the implementation consists
in appending the new functions to the previous list.
As for a defined concept instead, the list of types is extended in a similar
way to what is shown for the implementation of the above concept.
To do this, it's useful to declare a function that allows to convert a concept
into its underlying type_list
object:
template<typename... Type>
entt::type_list<Type...> as_type_list(const entt::type_list<Type...> &);
The definition isn't strictly required, since the function is only used through
a decltype
as it follows:
struct DrawableAndErasable: entt::type_list_cat_t<
decltype(as_type_list(std::declval<Drawable>())),
entt::type_list<void()>> {
// ...
};
Similar to above, type_list_cat_t
is used to concatenate the underlying static
virtual table with the new function types.
Everything else is the same as already shown instead.
Once the concept and implementation are defined, it's possible to use the
poly
class template to wrap instances that meet the requirements:
using drawable = entt::poly<Drawable>;
struct circle {
void draw() { /* ... */ }
};
struct square {
void draw() { /* ... */ }
};
// ...
drawable instance{circle{}};
instance->draw();
instance = square{};
instance->draw();
This class offers a wide range of constructors, from the default one (which
returns an uninitialized poly
object) to the copy and move constructors, as
well as the ability to create objects in-place.
Among others, there is also a constructor that allows users to wrap unmanaged
objects in a poly
instance (either const or non-const ones):
circle shape;
drawable instance{std::in_place_type<circle &>, shape};
Similarly, it's possible to create non-owning copies of poly
from an existing
object:
drawable other = instance.as_ref();
In both cases, although the interface of the poly
object doesn't change, it
doesn't construct any element or take care of destroying the referenced objects.
Note also how the underlying concept is accessed via a call to operator->
and
not directly as instance.draw()
.
This allows users to decouple the API of the wrapper from that of the concept.
Therefore, where instance.data()
invokes the data
member function of the
poly object, instance->data()
maps directly to the functionality exposed by
the underlying concept.
Under the hood, the poly
class template makes use of entt::any
. Therefore,
it can take advantage of the possibility of defining at compile-time the size of
the storage suitable for the small buffer optimization as well as the alignment
requirements:
entt::basic_poly<Drawable, sizeof(double[4]), alignof(double[4])>
The default size is sizeof(double[2])
, which seems like a good compromise
between a buffer that is too large and one unable to hold anything larger than
an integer. The alignment requirement is optional and by default such that it's
the most stringent (the largest) for any object whose size is at most equal to
the one provided.
It's worth noting that providing a size of 0 (which is an accepted value in all
respects) will force the system to dynamically allocate the contained objects in
all cases.