[c++] Support cmake-verbose flag in Makefile

[johnkerl]

The current build=Debug flag to make controls symbols in binary artifacts. We lack a standard way to set verbosity for cmake so that Makefiles will show full compile lines when executed. These two things are orthogonal to one another, and they are both important.

This is crucial for customer support, e.g. on #2402 it was necessary to ask an end user to do a manual edit. This is not sustainable.

Likewise, developers doing sandbox debug often don't need full compile lines hidden from them (which is the default).

A few of us have independently modded this in sandbox. A due appreciation for use of people's time compels us to make this a resuable option in source control.

Example default output: https://gist.github.com/johnkerl/26b4ac9cdb58e17f4bc595f2c174338a

Example cmake-verbose output: https://gist.github.com/johnkerl/fea6dcca26f6b76d117a72d8cc29a7e5

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 89.87%. Comparing base (20803cf) to head (c82dca8).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #2495   +/-   ##
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  Coverage   89.87%   89.87%           
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  Files          37       37           
  Lines        3940     3940           
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  Hits         3541     3541           
  Misses        399      399           

Flag	Coverage Δ
python	89.87% <ø> (ø)

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Components	Coverage Δ
python_api	89.87% <ø> (ø)
libtiledbsoma	∅ <ø> (∅)