Base class for quantum states (quantumlib#5065)

Creates a base class for all the quantum state classes created in quantumlib#4979, and uses the inheritance to push the implementation of `ActOn<State>Args.kron`, `factor`, etc into the base class.

Closes quantumlib#4827
Resolves quantumlib#3841 (comment) that's been bugging me for a year.

cirq-core/cirq/__init__.py

@@ -433,6 +433,7 @@
     operation_to_superoperator,
     QUANTUM_STATE_LIKE,
     QuantumState,
+    QuantumStateRepresentation,
     quantum_state,
     STATE_VECTOR_LIKE,
     StabilizerState,

cirq-core/cirq/contrib/quimb/mps_simulator.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 import quimb.tensor as qtn
 
-from cirq import devices, protocols, value
+from cirq import devices, protocols, qis, value
 from cirq._compat import deprecated
 from cirq.sim import simulator_base
 from cirq.sim.act_on_args import ActOnArgs
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ def _simulator_state(self):
 
 
 @value.value_equality
-class _MPSHandler:
+class _MPSHandler(qis.QuantumStateRepresentation):
     """Quantum state of the MPS simulation."""
 
     def __init__(
@@ -604,21 +604,24 @@ def __init__(
         Raises:
             ValueError: If the grouping does not cover the qubits.
         """
+        qubit_map = {q: i for i, q in enumerate(qubits)}
+        final_grouping = qubit_map if grouping is None else grouping
+        if final_grouping.keys() != qubit_map.keys():
+            raise ValueError('Grouping must cover exactly the qubits.')
+        state = _MPSHandler.create(
+            initial_state=initial_state,
+            qid_shape=tuple(q.dimension for q in qubits),
+            simulation_options=simulation_options,
+            grouping={qubit_map[k]: v for k, v in final_grouping.items()},
+        )
         super().__init__(
+            state=state,
             prng=prng,
             qubits=qubits,
             log_of_measurement_results=log_of_measurement_results,
             classical_data=classical_data,
         )
-        final_grouping = self.qubit_map if grouping is None else grouping
-        if final_grouping.keys() != self.qubit_map.keys():
-            raise ValueError('Grouping must cover exactly the qubits.')
-        self._state = _MPSHandler.create(
-            initial_state=initial_state,
-            qid_shape=tuple(q.dimension for q in qubits),
-            simulation_options=simulation_options,
-            grouping={self.qubit_map[k]: v for k, v in final_grouping.items()},
-        )
+        self._state: _MPSHandler = state
 
     def i_str(self, i: int) -> str:
         # Returns the index name for the i'th qid.
@@ -636,9 +639,6 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
     def _value_equality_values_(self) -> Any:
         return self.qubits, self._state
 
-    def _on_copy(self, target: 'MPSState', deep_copy_buffers: bool = True):
-        target._state = self._state.copy(deep_copy_buffers)
-
     def state_vector(self) -> np.ndarray:
         """Returns the full state vector.
 
@@ -709,15 +709,3 @@ def perform_measurement(
                 tolerance specified in simulation options.
         """
         return self._state._measure(self.get_axes(qubits), prng, collapse_state_vector)
-
-    def _perform_measurement(self, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']) -> List[int]:
-        """Measures the axes specified by the simulator."""
-        return self._state.measure(self.get_axes(qubits), self.prng)
-
-    def sample(
-        self,
-        qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid'],
-        repetitions: int = 1,
-        seed: 'cirq.RANDOM_STATE_OR_SEED_LIKE' = None,
-    ) -> np.ndarray:
-        return self._state.sample(self.get_axes(qubits), repetitions, seed)

cirq-core/cirq/qis/__init__.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
     superoperator_to_kraus,
 )
 
-from cirq.qis.clifford_tableau import CliffordTableau, StabilizerState
+from cirq.qis.clifford_tableau import CliffordTableau, QuantumStateRepresentation, StabilizerState
 
 from cirq.qis.measures import (
     entanglement_fidelity,

cirq-core/cirq/qis/clifford_tableau.py

@@ -13,17 +13,97 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import abc
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Sequence, Tuple, TYPE_CHECKING, TypeVar
 import numpy as np
 
-from cirq import protocols
+from cirq import protocols, value
 from cirq.value import big_endian_int_to_digits, linear_dict
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import cirq
 
+TSelf = TypeVar('TSelf', bound='QuantumStateRepresentation')
 
-class StabilizerState(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+
+class QuantumStateRepresentation(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def copy(self: TSelf, deep_copy_buffers: bool = True) -> TSelf:
+        """Creates a copy of the object.
+        Args:
+            deep_copy_buffers: If True, buffers will also be deep-copied.
+            Otherwise the copy will share a reference to the original object's
+            buffers.
+        Returns:
+            A copied instance.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def measure(
+        self, axes: Sequence[int], seed: 'cirq.RANDOM_STATE_OR_SEED_LIKE' = None
+    ) -> List[int]:
+        """Measures the state.
+
+        Args:
+            axes: The axes to measure.
+            seed: The random number seed to use.
+        Returns:
+            The measurements in order.
+        """
+
+    def sample(
+        self,
+        axes: Sequence[int],
+        repetitions: int = 1,
+        seed: 'cirq.RANDOM_STATE_OR_SEED_LIKE' = None,
+    ) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Samples the state. Subclasses can override with more performant method.
+
+        Args:
+            axes: The axes to sample.
+            repetitions: The number of samples to make.
+            seed: The random number seed to use.
+        Returns:
+            The samples in order.
+        """
+        prng = value.parse_random_state(seed)
+        measurements = []
+        for _ in range(repetitions):
+            state = self.copy()
+            measurements.append(state.measure(axes, prng))
+        return np.array(measurements, dtype=bool)
+
+    def kron(self: TSelf, other: TSelf) -> TSelf:
+        """Joins two state spaces together."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def factor(
+        self: TSelf, axes: Sequence[int], *, validate=True, atol=1e-07
+    ) -> Tuple[TSelf, TSelf]:
+        """Splits two state spaces after a measurement or reset."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def reindex(self: TSelf, axes: Sequence[int]) -> TSelf:
+        """Physically reindexes the state by the new basis.
+        Args:
+            axes: The desired axis order.
+        Returns:
+            The state with qubit order transposed and underlying representation
+            updated.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def supports_factor(self) -> bool:
+        """Subclasses that allow factorization should override this."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def can_represent_mixed_states(self) -> bool:
+        """Subclasses that can represent mixed states should override this."""
+        return False
+
+
+class StabilizerState(QuantumStateRepresentation, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """Interface for quantum stabilizer state representations.
 
     This interface is used for CliffordTableau and StabilizerChForm quantum
@@ -222,7 +302,7 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
     def __copy__(self) -> 'CliffordTableau':
         return self.copy()
 
-    def copy(self) -> 'CliffordTableau':
+    def copy(self, deep_copy_buffers: bool = True) -> 'CliffordTableau':
         state = CliffordTableau(self.n)
         state.rs = self.rs.copy()
         state.xs = self.xs.copy()
@@ -578,3 +658,8 @@ def apply_cx(
 
     def apply_global_phase(self, coefficient: linear_dict.Scalar):
         pass
+
+    def measure(
+        self, axes: Sequence[int], seed: 'cirq.RANDOM_STATE_OR_SEED_LIKE' = None
+    ) -> List[int]:
+        return [self._measure(axis, seed) for axis in axes]

cirq-core/cirq/sim/act_on_args.py

@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 """Objects and methods for acting efficiently on a state tensor."""
-import abc
 import copy
 import inspect
+import warnings
 from typing import (
     Any,
     cast,
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Tuple,
 )
-import warnings
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -59,6 +58,7 @@ def __init__(
         log_of_measurement_results: Optional[Dict[str, List[int]]] = None,
         ignore_measurement_results: bool = False,
         classical_data: Optional['cirq.ClassicalDataStore'] = None,
+        state: Optional['cirq.QuantumStateRepresentation'] = None,
     ):
         """Inits ActOnArgs.
 
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ def __init__(
                 simulators that can represent mixed states.
             classical_data: The shared classical data container for this
                 simulation.
+            state: The underlying quantum state of the simulation.
         """
         if prng is None:
             prng = cast(np.random.RandomState, np.random)
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ def __init__(
             }
         )
         self._ignore_measurement_results = ignore_measurement_results
+        self._state = state
 
     @property
     def prng(self) -> np.random.RandomState:
@@ -148,10 +150,21 @@ def measure(self, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid'], key: str, invert_mask: Sequence[
     def get_axes(self, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']) -> List[int]:
         return [self.qubit_map[q] for q in qubits]
 
-    @abc.abstractmethod
     def _perform_measurement(self, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']) -> List[int]:
-        """Child classes that perform measurements should implement this with
-        the implementation."""
+        """Delegates the call to measure the density matrix."""
+        if self._state is not None:
+            return self._state.measure(self.get_axes(qubits), self.prng)
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def sample(
+        self,
+        qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid'],
+        repetitions: int = 1,
+        seed: 'cirq.RANDOM_STATE_OR_SEED_LIKE' = None,
+    ) -> np.ndarray:
+        if self._state is not None:
+            return self._state.sample(self.get_axes(qubits), repetitions, seed)
+        raise NotImplementedError()
 
     def copy(self: TSelf, deep_copy_buffers: bool = True) -> TSelf:
         """Creates a copy of the object.
@@ -165,6 +178,10 @@ def copy(self: TSelf, deep_copy_buffers: bool = True) -> TSelf:
             A copied instance.
         """
         args = copy.copy(self)
+        args._classical_data = self._classical_data.copy()
+        if self._state is not None:
+            args._state = self._state.copy(deep_copy_buffers=deep_copy_buffers)
+            return args
         if 'deep_copy_buffers' in inspect.signature(self._on_copy).parameters:
             self._on_copy(args, deep_copy_buffers)
         else:
@@ -176,7 +193,6 @@ def copy(self: TSelf, deep_copy_buffers: bool = True) -> TSelf:
                 DeprecationWarning,
             )
             self._on_copy(args)
-        args._classical_data = self._classical_data.copy()
         return args
 
     def _on_copy(self: TSelf, args: TSelf, deep_copy_buffers: bool = True):
@@ -190,7 +206,10 @@ def create_merged_state(self: TSelf) -> TSelf:
     def kronecker_product(self: TSelf, other: TSelf, *, inplace=False) -> TSelf:
         """Joins two state spaces together."""
         args = self if inplace else copy.copy(self)
-        self._on_kronecker_product(other, args)
+        if self._state is not None and other._state is not None:
+            args._state = self._state.kron(other._state)
+        else:
+            self._on_kronecker_product(other, args)
         args._set_qubits(self.qubits + other.qubits)
         return args
 
@@ -225,15 +244,20 @@ def factor(
         """Splits two state spaces after a measurement or reset."""
         extracted = copy.copy(self)
         remainder = self if inplace else copy.copy(self)
-        self._on_factor(qubits, extracted, remainder, validate, atol)
+        if self._state is not None:
+            e, r = self._state.factor(self.get_axes(qubits), validate=validate, atol=atol)
+            extracted._state = e
+            remainder._state = r
+        else:
+            self._on_factor(qubits, extracted, remainder, validate, atol)
         extracted._set_qubits(qubits)
         remainder._set_qubits([q for q in self.qubits if q not in qubits])
         return extracted, remainder
 
     @property
     def allows_factoring(self):
         """Subclasses that allow factorization should override this."""
-        return False
+        return self._state.supports_factor if self._state is not None else False
 
     def _on_factor(
         self: TSelf,
@@ -265,7 +289,10 @@ def transpose_to_qubit_order(
         if len(self.qubits) != len(qubits) or set(qubits) != set(self.qubits):
             raise ValueError(f'Qubits do not match. Existing: {self.qubits}, provided: {qubits}')
         args = self if inplace else copy.copy(self)
-        self._on_transpose_to_qubit_order(qubits, args)
+        if self._state is not None:
+            args._state = self._state.reindex(self.get_axes(qubits))
+        else:
+            self._on_transpose_to_qubit_order(qubits, args)
         args._set_qubits(qubits)
         return args
 
@@ -356,7 +383,7 @@ def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Optional['cirq.Qid']]:
 
     @property
     def can_represent_mixed_states(self) -> bool:
-        return False
+        return self._state.can_represent_mixed_states if self._state is not None else False
 
 
 def strat_act_on_from_apply_decompose(

cirq-core/cirq/sim/act_on_args_container_test.py

@@ -41,25 +41,10 @@ def _act_on_fallback_(
     ) -> bool:
         return True
 
-    def _on_copy(self, args):
-        pass
-
-    def _on_kronecker_product(self, other, target):
-        pass
-
-    def _on_transpose_to_qubit_order(self, qubits, target):
-        pass
-
-    def _on_factor(self, qubits, extracted, remainder, validate=True, atol=1e-07):
-        pass
-
     @property
     def allows_factoring(self):
         return True
 
-    def sample(self, qubits, repetitions=1, seed=None):
-        pass
-
 
 q0, q1, q2 = qs3 = cirq.LineQubit.range(3)
 qs2 = cirq.LineQubit.range(2)