Refactoring of 45_carbonprice incl. postsolve algorithms

[laurinks]

Purpose of this PR (see Issue#295)

Part A: Refactoring

Part B: Introducing additional flexibility in preparation of new NPi2025

Type of change

(Make sure to delete from the Type-of-change list the items not relevant to your PR)

• Bug fix
• Refactoring
• New feature
• Minor change (default scenarios show only small differences)
• Fundamental change
• This change requires a documentation update

Checklist:

• My code follows the coding etiquette
• I performed a self-review of my own code
• I explained my changes within the PR, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I checked that the in-code documentation is up-to-date
• I adjusted the reporting in remind2 where it was needed
• I adjusted forbiddenColumnNames in readCheckScenarioConfig.R in case the PR leads to deprecated switches
• All automated model tests pass (FAIL 0 in the output of make test)
• The changelog CHANGELOG.md has been updated correctly

Further information (optional):

• Test runs are here:
• Comparison of results (what changes by this PR?):