[v22.3.x] Update start timeout for leadership_transfer_test on debug builds

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #11472 to branch v22.3.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v22.3.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-11472-v22.3.x-662
git cherry-pick -x 45c8c5d24d8717a95637902c036d1a26ffcfa19b

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-11472-v22.3.x-662
gh pr create \
  --title "[v22.3.x] Update start timeout for `leadership_transfer_test` on debug builds" \
  --base "v22.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-11472-v22.3.x-662" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --reviewer "dotnwat" \
  --milestone "v22.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/11472 "