CircuitOperation crashes simulation if parameters come from the main circuit

[daxfohl]

Description of the issue

If there's a parameterized operation in a subcircuit, it crashes when passing the param resolver into simulate.

How to reproduce the issue

def test_subcircuit_with_params():
    circuit = cirq.Circuit(
        cirq.CircuitOperation(cirq.FrozenCircuit(cirq.X(cirq.LineQubit(0)) ** sympy.Symbol('a')))
    )
    cirq.Simulator().simulate(circuit, param_resolver={'a': 0})

raises

ValueError: Recursive resolution of CircuitOperation parameters is prohibited. Use "recursive=False" to prevent this error

stack trace

cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py:503: in simulate
    return self.simulate_sweep(
cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py:518: in simulate_sweep
    return list(self.simulate_sweep_iter(program, params, qubit_order, initial_state))
cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_base.py:351: in simulate_sweep_iter
    yield from super().simulate_sweep_iter(suffix, params, qubit_order, sim_state)
cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py:615: in simulate_sweep_iter
    all_step_results = self.simulate_moment_steps(
cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py:656: in simulate_moment_steps
    resolved_circuit = protocols.resolve_parameters(circuit, param_resolver)
cirq-core/cirq/protocols/resolve_parameters.py:184: in resolve_parameters
    result = getter(param_resolver, recursive)
cirq-core/cirq/circuits/circuit.py:2422: in _resolve_parameters_
    resolved_operations = _resolve_operations(moment.operations, resolver, recursive)
cirq-core/cirq/circuits/circuit.py:2490: in _resolve_operations
    resolved_operations.append(protocols.resolve_parameters(op, param_resolver, recursive))
cirq-core/cirq/protocols/resolve_parameters.py:184: in resolve_parameters
    result = getter(param_resolver, recursive)

Cirq version
0.14.0.dev

[daxfohl]

Looks like the root cause is already documented in #3619, however leaving this open for now since that is a feature request while this is a bug.