Improve caching for local docker builds

[ewdurbin]

• Caches apt metadata and downloads
• Caches downloaded/built wheels
• Caches npm

This will primarily be a speedup for local dev builds, as deployment builds using ephemeral buildkitd instances and relies on the layer cache.

Supersedes #10004 and #10021

[miketheman]

I tested this a little bit, and confirm I don't see any detrimental behavior. I wasn't able to confirm the speedups yet, but hope that they materialize as I touch different parts of the filesystem.

[ewdurbin]

Easiest way to see the speedup is to get things all spun up, then $ echo "#" >> requirements/main.txt then make serve again. Note that pip primarily relies on the cache for previously downloaded distributions and the built wheels.