domain: add resolve lock logic for mvcc get key loading schema diff (#48330)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #48330

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #48281

Problem Summary:
Handle lock error getting schema diff key using mvcc interfaces to avoid unexpected schema cache invalidation.

What is changed and how it works?

Check List

Tests

• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
  Running concurrent DDL with stale read requests with injected slow internal transaction commit, there's no mvcc get errors reported, the test result is in the description of this PR

Side effects

Documentation

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

Fix unhandled lock error reading schema diff key using mvcc interface.

[ti-chi-bot]

[LGTM Timeline notifier]

Timeline:

• 2023-11-08 11:40:00.313095367 +0000 UTC m=+3644397.900205512: ☑️ agreed by ekexium.
• 2023-11-09 03:16:31.772770473 +0000 UTC m=+3700589.359880821: ☑️ agreed by zimulala.

[cfzjywxk]

/merge

[ti-chi-bot]

@cfzjywxk: We have migrated to builtin LGTM and approve plugins for reviewing.

Please use /approve when you want approve this pull request.

The changes announcement: LGTM plugin changes

Instructions for interacting with me using PR comments are available here. If you have questions or suggestions related to my behavior, please file an issue against the ti-community-infra/tichi repository.

[ti-chi-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: ekexium, MyonKeminta, zimulala

The full list of commands accepted by this bot can be found here.

The pull request process is described here

Needs approval from an approver in each of these files:

• OWNERS [MyonKeminta,ekexium,zimulala]
• pkg/domain/OWNERS [zimulala]

Approvers can indicate their approval by writing /approve in a comment
Approvers can cancel approval by writing /approve cancel in a comment

[cfzjywxk]

/retest

[cfzjywxk]

/retest