domain: add resolve lock logic for mvcc get key loading schema diff (#48330)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #48330

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #48281 ref #47807

Problem Summary:
Handle lock error getting schema diff key using mvcc interfaces to avoid unexpected schema cache invalidation.

What is changed and how it works?

Check List

Tests

• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
  Running concurrent DDL with stale read requests with injected slow internal transaction commit, there's no mvcc get errors reported, the test result is in the description of this PR

Side effects

Documentation

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

Fix unhandled lock error reading schema diff key using mvcc interface.

[ti-chi-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: crazycs520, ekexium

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[ti-chi-bot]

[LGTM Timeline notifier]

Timeline:

• 2023-11-24 07:16:43.321496664 +0000 UTC m=+561431.986722859: ☑️ agreed by crazycs520.
• 2023-11-24 07:18:51.465787426 +0000 UTC m=+561560.131013621: ☑️ agreed by ekexium.

[cfzjywxk]

/merge

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[cfzjywxk]

/retest

[cfzjywxk]

/retest

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❗ No coverage uploaded for pull request base (release-6.5@5a6c8c8). Click here to learn what that means.
The diff coverage is n/a.

Additional details and impacted files

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