planner: fix the risk of integer overflow when locating partitions (#25599)

[ti-srebot]

cherry-pick #25599 to release-5.1
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# In tidb repo:
git pr https://github.com/pingcap/tidb/pull/25650

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git push [email protected]:ti-srebot/tidb.git pr/25650:release-5.1-9acd2ec455bc

---

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #25598

Problem Summary: planner: fix the risk of integer overflow when locating partitions

When locating partitions for integers, TiDB may subtract an integer's highest and lowest values, where the risk of interger overflow might appear.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test

Release note

• planner: fix the risk of integer overflow when locating partitions

[ti-chi-bot]

@ti-srebot: This cherry pick PR is for a release branch and has not yet been approved by release team.
Adding the do-not-merge/cherry-pick-not-approved label.

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[ti-srebot]

/run-all-tests

[ti-srebot]

@qw4990 you're already a collaborator in bot's repo.

[ti-srebot]

No release note, Please follow https://github.com/pingcap/community/blob/master/contributors/release-note-checker.md

[ti-chi-bot]

[REVIEW NOTIFICATION]

This pull request has been approved by:

• lysu
• tiancaiamao

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[qw4990]

Close since we don't need to pick it.