Backport bug fixes from the era compiler

[xermicus]

These contain bug fixes, performance improvements and sometimes features we want to have in too. Should be implemented roughly in order.

Note: Sometimes they are companions.

Tasks

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1. era-compiler-llvm-context/pull/24
2. era-compiler-llvm-context/pull/25
3. era-compiler-llvm-context/pull/31
4. era-compiler-llvm-context/commit/31946ecd883be041c5b232a85a778501f4cc3d85
5. era-compiler-llvm-context/commit/7c1ba758b7f68c9391c16db766f69df47834f4ea
6. era-compiler-llvm-context/commit/8809df8ecd952972a9cba078b5f368df5c153c58
7. era-compiler-llvm-context/commit/8eef92457ba7d676611637c1011c40f94a4dc15f
8. era-compiler-solidity/pull/38
9. era-compiler-solidity/pull/39
10. era-compiler-solidity/pull/44
11. era-compiler-solidity/pull/51
12. era-compiler-solidity/pull/52
13. era-compiler-solidity/pull/54
14. era-compiler-solidity/pull/57
15. era-compiler-solidity/pull/58
16. era-compiler-solidity/pull/59
17. era-compiler-solidity/commit/3da0c1440e29e9e165a31ffa9a8a5bcf1e47be79
18. era-compiler-solidity/pull/41
19. era-compiler-solidity/pull/63
20. era-compiler-solidity/pull/64
21. era-compiler-solidity/pull/68
22. era-compiler-solidity/commit/9d55410129ad3f51b5c032513ccffce7b0320618
23. era-compiler-solidity/pull/80
24. era-compiler-solidity/pull/86
25. era-compiler-solidity/pull/88
26. era-compiler-solidity/pull/89
27. era-compiler-solidity/pull/90
28. era-compiler-solidity/pull/93
29. era-compiler-solidity/pull/76
30. era-compiler-solidity/commit/e00d63b24ff6b040f1527295495b8f5459875bfa
31. era-compiler-solidity/pull/97
32. era-compiler-solidity/pull/100
33. era-compiler-solidity/pull/101
34. era-compiler-solidity/commit/3163e963b600ddda4a8b9a4a79091f65119214ef
35. era-compiler-solidity/pull/104
36. era-compiler-solidity/pull/106
37. era-compiler-solidity/pull/107
38. era-compiler-solidity/commit/53e80df2c5848a8257b4e8c92434a9fe356159c7
39. era-compiler-solidity/pull/114
40. era-compiler-solidity/pull/116
41. era-compiler-solidity/commit/7e6c631f6611d8cef5e01f88279cfb3c3b51f53d
42. era-compiler-solidity/commit/6268b72eafd3fd13c8dc71895e933710bdd3320b
43. era-compiler-solidity/pull/129
44. era-compiler-solidity/commit/9a26fcd98ff6d7b66dbbfa4feaae34c523d4a79a
45. era-compiler-solidity/pull/146
46. era-compiler-solidity/pull/142
47. era-compiler-solidity/pull/151/files