Add EXTRACT Function To OpenSearch SQL Plugin

[GabeFernandez310]

Description

Adds the EXTRACT function to the SQL plugin, aligned with the MySQL documentation. Extract(part FROM date) returns a number formatted according to what is defined by the temporal interval being used for the part argument. A list of the MySQL temporal intervals can be found here.

Example:
Extract(DAY FROM "2023-02-11 10:11:12.123") -> 11
Extract(DAY SECOND_MICROSECOND "2023-02-11 10:11:12.123") -> 12123000

Issues Resolved

722

Check List

• New functionality includes testing.
  • All tests pass, including unit test, integration test and doctest
• New functionality has been documented.
  • New functionality has javadoc added
  • New functionality has user manual doc added
• Commits are signed per the DCO using --signoff

By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license.
For more information on following Developer Certificate of Origin and signing off your commits, please check here.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Merging #1421 (1a351d6) into main (ef38389) will increase coverage by 0.00%.
The diff coverage is 100.00%.

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@@            Coverage Diff            @@
##               main    #1421   +/-   ##
=========================================
  Coverage     98.38%   98.39%           
- Complexity     3698     3706    +8     
=========================================
  Files           343      343           
  Lines          9121     9169   +48     
  Branches        586      586           
=========================================
+ Hits           8974     9022   +48     
  Misses          142      142           
  Partials          5        5           

Flag	Coverage Δ
sql-engine	98.39% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
...c/main/java/org/opensearch/sql/expression/DSL.java	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...sql/expression/datetime/DateTimeFormatterUtil.java	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...arch/sql/expression/datetime/DateTimeFunction.java	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...h/sql/expression/function/BuiltinFunctionName.java	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...pensearch/sql/sql/parser/AstExpressionBuilder.java	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)

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[acarbonetto]

LGMT

[opensearch-trigger-bot]

The backport to 2.x failed:

The process '/usr/bin/git' failed with exit code 1

To backport manually, run these commands in your terminal:

# Fetch latest updates from GitHub
git fetch
# Create a new working tree
git worktree add .worktrees/backport-2.x 2.x
# Navigate to the new working tree
cd .worktrees/backport-2.x
# Create a new branch
git switch --create backport/backport-1421-to-2.x
# Cherry-pick the merged commit of this pull request and resolve the conflicts
git cherry-pick -x --mainline 1 87018c654ed648615984071203fa9016d4c414f5
# Push it to GitHub
git push --set-upstream origin backport/backport-1421-to-2.x
# Go back to the original working tree
cd ../..
# Delete the working tree
git worktree remove .worktrees/backport-2.x

Then, create a pull request where the base branch is 2.x and the compare/head branch is backport/backport-1421-to-2.x.