Consensus layer state access from runtimes

[ptrus]

Fixes: #3564

TODO:

• implement more of the staking state wrapper
• add serialization tests for ported types
• add more e2e tests (probably separate PR)
  • rust state wrappers interop tests - Runtime consensus state interoperability tests #3833
  • longtests workload - Runtime consensus workload #3864

[kostko]

Make sure to also add a check to protocol.rs (where RuntimeInfoRequest is handled) to make sure that the Tendermint consensus backend is in use.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #3823 (f2912f8) into master (d4a97fa) will decrease coverage by 0.19%.
The diff coverage is 60.00%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #3823      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   67.10%   66.91%   -0.20%     
==========================================
  Files         404      404              
  Lines       41463    41467       +4     
==========================================
- Hits        27825    27746      -79     
- Misses       9698     9765      +67     
- Partials     3940     3956      +16     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
go/common/version/version.go	75.00% <ø> (ø)
...o/consensus/tendermint/apps/staking/state/state.go	61.62% <ø> (ø)
go/runtime/host/protocol/types.go	42.85% <ø> (ø)
go/runtime/host/protocol/connection.go	60.97% <25.00%> (ø)
go/runtime/client/client.go	66.10% <50.00%> (-0.34%)	⬇️
go/runtime/host/helpers.go	56.75% <100.00%> (+1.20%)	⬆️
go/runtime/registry/config.go	67.59% <100.00%> (ø)
go/oasis-node/cmd/common/metrics/disk.go	65.38% <0.00%> (-19.24%)	⬇️
go/runtime/host/sandbox/sandbox.go	69.53% <0.00%> (-10.55%)	⬇️
go/oasis-node/cmd/common/metrics/resource.go	78.94% <0.00%> (-10.53%)	⬇️
... and 29 more

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