[3.9] bpo-46677: Add examples of inheritance and attributes to `Typed…

…Dict` docs. (pythonGH-31349) (pythonGH-31808)

* bpo-46677: Add examples of inheritance and attributes to `TypedDict` docs (pythonGH-31349)

Co-authored-by: Jelle Zijlstra <[email protected]>
(cherry picked from commit 8a207e0)

Doc/library/typing.rst

@@ -1056,26 +1056,120 @@ These are not used in annotations. They are building blocks for declaring types.
 
       assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')
 
-   The type info for introspection can be accessed via ``Point2D.__annotations__``
-   and ``Point2D.__total__``.  To allow using this feature with older versions
-   of Python that do not support :pep:`526`, ``TypedDict`` supports two additional
-   equivalent syntactic forms::
+   To allow using this feature with older versions of Python that do not
+   support :pep:`526`, ``TypedDict`` supports two additional equivalent
+   syntactic forms:
+
+   * Using a literal :class:`dict` as the second argument::
 
-      Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', x=int, y=int, label=str)
       Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})
 
-   By default, all keys must be present in a TypedDict. It is possible
-   to override this by specifying totality.
+   * Using keyword arguments::
+
+      Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', x=int, y=int, label=str)
+
+   The functional syntax should also be used when any of the keys are not valid
+   :ref:`identifiers`, for example because they are keywords or contain hyphens.
+   Example::
+
+      # raises SyntaxError
+      class Point2D(TypedDict):
+          in: int  # 'in' is a keyword
+          x-y: int  # name with hyphens
+
+      # OK, functional syntax
+      Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'in': int, 'x-y': int})
+
+   By default, all keys must be present in a ``TypedDict``. It is possible to
+   override this by specifying totality.
    Usage::
 
-      class point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
+      class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
           x: int
           y: int
 
-   This means that a point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted. A type
-   checker is only expected to support a literal False or True as the value of
-   the total argument. True is the default, and makes all items defined in the
-   class body be required.
+      # Alternative syntax
+      Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int}, total=False)
+
+   This means that a ``Point2D`` ``TypedDict`` can have any of the keys
+   omitted. A type checker is only expected to support a literal ``False`` or
+   ``True`` as the value of the ``total`` argument. ``True`` is the default,
+   and makes all items defined in the class body required.
+
+   It is possible for a ``TypedDict`` type to inherit from one or more other ``TypedDict`` types
+   using the class-based syntax.
+   Usage::
+
+      class Point3D(Point2D):
+          z: int
+
+   ``Point3D`` has three items: ``x``, ``y`` and ``z``. It is equivalent to this
+   definition::
+
+      class Point3D(TypedDict):
+          x: int
+          y: int
+          z: int
+
+   A ``TypedDict`` cannot inherit from a non-TypedDict class,
+   notably including :class:`Generic`. For example::
+
+      class X(TypedDict):
+          x: int
+
+      class Y(TypedDict):
+          y: int
+
+      class Z(object): pass  # A non-TypedDict class
+
+      class XY(X, Y): pass  # OK
+
+      class XZ(X, Z): pass  # raises TypeError
+
+      T = TypeVar('T')
+      class XT(X, Generic[T]): pass  # raises TypeError
+
+   A ``TypedDict`` can be introspected via :attr:`__annotations__`,
+   :attr:`__total__`, :attr:`__required_keys__`, and :attr:`__optional_keys__`.
+
+   .. attribute:: __total__
+
+      ``Point2D.__total__`` gives the value of the ``total`` argument.
+      Example::
+
+         >>> from typing import TypedDict
+         >>> class Point2D(TypedDict): pass
+         >>> Point2D.__total__
+         True
+         >>> class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False): pass
+         >>> Point2D.__total__
+         False
+         >>> class Point3D(Point2D): pass
+         >>> Point3D.__total__
+         True
+
+   .. attribute:: __required_keys__
+   .. attribute:: __optional_keys__
+
+      ``Point2D.__required_keys__`` and ``Point2D.__optional_keys__`` return
+      :class:`frozenset` objects containing required and non-required keys, respectively.
+      Currently the only way to declare both required and non-required keys in the
+      same ``TypedDict`` is mixed inheritance, declaring a ``TypedDict`` with one value
+      for the ``total`` argument and then inheriting it from another ``TypedDict`` with
+      a different value for ``total``.
+      Usage::
+
+         >>> class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
+         ...     x: int
+         ...     y: int
+         ...
+         >>> class Point3D(Point2D):
+         ...     z: int
+         ...
+         >>> Point3D.__required_keys__ == frozenset({'z'})
+         True
+         >>> Point3D.__optional_keys__ == frozenset({'x', 'y'})
+         True
 
    See :pep:`589` for more examples and detailed rules of using ``TypedDict``.