[opentelemetry-cpp] Fixes #31218

[klalumiere]

Fixes #31218

• Changes comply with the maintainer guide
• SHA512s are updated for each updated download
• The "supports" clause reflects platforms that may be fixed by this new version
• Any fixed CI baseline entries are removed from that file.
• Any patches that are no longer applied are deleted from the port's directory.
• The version database is fixed by rerunning ./vcpkg x-add-version --all and committing the result.
• Only one version is added to each modified port's versions file.

[MonicaLiu0311]

The usage test passed(header files found):

opentelemetry-cpp provides CMake targets:

    # this is heuristically generated, and may not be correct
    find_package(opentelemetry-cpp CONFIG REQUIRED)
    # note: 9 additional targets are not displayed.
    target_link_libraries(main PRIVATE opentelemetry-cpp::api opentelemetry-cpp::ext opentelemetry-cpp::sdk opentelemetry-cpp::logs)