Port signed integer math to modern QDK #8345

Job	Run time
Format Q# Files	49s
Format	13s
Clippy	32s
Build and test (windows-latest)	9m 10s
Build and test (ubuntu-latest)	5m 56s
Integration tests (windows-latest)	8m 27s
Build and test (macos-14)	6m 25s
Rust Unit tests (windows-latest)	5m 30s
Integration tests (ubuntu-latest)	5m 6s
Check web files	35s
Integration tests (macos-14)	5m 12s
Rust Unit tests (ubuntu-latest)	3m 2s
Rust Unit tests (macos-14)	2m 22s
Status Check	0s
	53m 19s

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