update MSBuild solution to Windows SDK v10.0, add inet_pton define (fixes #5856)

[jameslamb]

Fixes #5856.
Contributes to #5061.

Tonight I tried compiling LightGBM on latest master with MSBUild (using Visual Studio 2019), like this:

MSBuild.exe windows/LightGBM.sln /p:Configuration=DLL /p:Platform=x64 /p:PlatformToolset=v142

That resulted in this error:

C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.29.30133\include\cstddef(12,10): fatal error C1083: Cannot open include file: 'stddef.h': No such file or directory (compiling source file ..\src\treelearner\voting_parallel_tree_learner.cpp) [C:\Users\James\repos\LightGBM\windows\LightGBM.vcxproj]

Updating the target Windows SDK version from 8.1 to 10.0 fixed that.

Then I hit the error reported in #5856. I think that happened because when building without CMake, the test introduced in #5159 isn't run, WIN_HAS_INET_PTON isn't defined, and then the implementation in socket_wrapper.hpp conflicts with the one linked in from ws2_32.

This PR proposes always defining that in the MSBuild configuration, since it should be only older releases of MinGW that didn't have a definition for that function.

How I tested this

Ran that command from above on this branch, using Visual Studio 2019 on Windows 10.

Saw that LightGBM compiled successfully.

[jameslamb]

Could I please get a review on this?

[github-actions]

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