[ci] [R-package] update to new R-hub container images

[jameslamb]

Summary

This project should switch linux R-package CI jobs away from these R-hub images: https://github.com/r-hub/rhub-linux-builders

and use these instead: https://github.com/r-hub/containers

Motivation

It seems to me based on r-hub/rhub-linux-builders#67 (comment) that r-hub/rhub-linux-builders is effectively abandoned, and that efforts from R-hub are going into this new r-hub/containers project.

Given that, the r-hub/containers images should more closely match CRAN,, and therefore improve the changes of catching issues here in LightGBM's CI prior to submitting to CRAN.

Description

This should be modified to pull from the new images:

LightGBM/.github/workflows/r_package.yml

Line 264 in 60a4a13

container: rhub/debian-clang-devel

And this workaround can (hopefully) be removed:

LightGBM/.github/workflows/r_package.yml

Lines 279 to 318 in 60a4a13

	- name: update to clang 15
	shell: bash
	run: |
	# remove clang stuff that comes installed in the image
	apt-get autoremove -y --purge \
	clang-* \
	libclang-* \
	libunwind-* \
	llvm-*
	#
	# replace it all with clang-15
	apt-get update -y
	apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y \
	gnupg \
	lsb-release \
	software-properties-common \
	wget
	#
	wget -O - https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key | apt-key add -
	#
	add-apt-repository "deb http://apt.llvm.org/unstable/ llvm-toolchain main"
	apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
	clang-15 \
	clangd-15 \
	clang-format-15 \
	clang-tidy-15 \
	clang-tools-15 \
	lldb-15 \
	lld-15 \
	llvm-15-dev \
	llvm-15-tools \
	libomp-15-dev \
	libc++-15-dev \
	libc++abi-15-dev \
	libclang-common-15-dev \
	libclang-15-dev \
	libclang-cpp15-dev \
	libunwind-15-dev
	# overwrite everything in /usr/bin with the new v15 versions
	cp --remove-destination /usr/lib/llvm-15/bin/* /usr/bin/

References

In #5661 / #5662, this project took on a workaround to update to clang-15 in the one CI job here that tries to replicate the r-devel-linux-x86_64-debian-clang CRAN check flavor, to match what CRAN was using.

That was done because the r-hub container images weren't being updated, as the maintainers of those containers said they'd soon be switching to something new: r-hub/rhub-linux-builders#63 (comment).

[jameslamb]

I've assigned this to myself as I'm actively working on it. I think it might also help with #5987 .