Add apply_patches function and initial patches

These patches are for two issues:

* Enabling Go to build on Alpine by disabling PIC per:
  golang/go#6940
  https://github.com/docker-library/golang/blob/master/1.7/alpine/no-pic.patch
* Fixing Go 1.4 bug appearing on macOS 10.12.1 per:
  golang/go#16352 (comment)

patches/alpine/README.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+All no-pic patches were based upon:
+https://raw.githubusercontent.com/docker-library/golang/master/1.6/alpine/no-pic.patch
+https://raw.githubusercontent.com/docker-library/golang/master/1.7/alpine/no-pic.patch
+
+go1.4/no-pic.patch was hand-crafted from the above, based upon:
+https://go.googlesource.com/go/+/go1.4.3/src/cmd/ld/lib.c

patches/alpine/go1.4/no-pic.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+diff --git a/src/cmd/ld/lib.c b/src/cmd/ld/lib.c
+--- a/src/cmd/ld/lib.c
++++ b/src/cmd/ld/lib.c
+@@ -692,6 +692,11 @@ hostlink(void) {
+ 		p = strchr(p + 1, ' ');
+ 	}
+
++	// The Go linker does not currently support building PIE
++	// executables when using the external linker. See:
++	// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/6940
++	argv[argc++] = "-fno-PIC";
++
+ 	argv[argc] = nil;
+
+ 	quotefmtinstall();

patches/alpine/go1.5/no-pic.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+diff --git a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
+--- a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
++++ b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
+@@ -1071,6 +1071,11 @@ func hostlink() {
+ 		argv = append(argv, peimporteddlls()...)
+ 	}
+
++	// The Go linker does not currently support building PIE
++	// executables when using the external linker. See:
++	// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/6940
++	argv = append(argv, "-fno-PIC")
++
+ 	if Debug['v'] != 0 {
+ 		fmt.Fprintf(&Bso, "host link:")
+ 		for _, v := range argv {

patches/alpine/go1.6/no-pic.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+diff --git a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
+index 8ccbec9dd634..4e96bfadc260 100644
+--- a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
++++ b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
+@@ -1194,6 +1194,11 @@ func hostlink() {
+ 		argv = append(argv, peimporteddlls()...)
+ 	}
+
++	// The Go linker does not currently support building PIE
++	// executables when using the external linker. See:
++	// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/6940
++	argv = append(argv, "-fno-PIC")
++
+ 	if Debug['v'] != 0 {
+ 		fmt.Fprintf(&Bso, "host link:")
+ 		for _, v := range argv {

patches/alpine/go1.7/no-pic.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+diff --git a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
+index 14f4fa9..5599307 100644
+--- a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
++++ b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
+@@ -1272,6 +1272,11 @@ func hostlink() {
+ 		argv = append(argv, peimporteddlls()...)
+ 	}
+
++	// The Go linker does not currently support building PIE
++	// executables when using the external linker. See:
++	// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/6940
++	argv = append(argv, "-fno-PIC")
++
+ 	if Debug['v'] != 0 {
+ 		fmt.Fprintf(Bso, "host link:")
+ 		for _, v := range argv {

patches/alpine/go1.8/no-pic.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+diff --git a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
+index 14f4fa9..5599307 100644
+--- a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
++++ b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
+@@ -1272,6 +1272,11 @@ func hostlink() {
+ 		argv = append(argv, peimporteddlls()...)
+ 	}
+
++	// The Go linker does not currently support building PIE
++	// executables when using the external linker. See:
++	// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/6940
++	argv = append(argv, "-fno-PIC")
++
+ 	if Debug['v'] != 0 {
+ 		fmt.Fprintf(Bso, "host link:")
+ 		for _, v := range argv {