Jan is a purely functional programming language with an ultra minimalist syntax. It is named after Jan Łukasiewicz, a Polish logician and philosopher creator of the Polish notation, also known as Prefix notation, which is a form of notation for logic, arithmetic and algebra. The distinguishing feature of this language is that it places operators to the left of their operands. Given that the arity of the operators and functions in the language is fixed, the result is a syntax lacking parentheses or other brackets that can still be parsed without ambiguity. Although Jan is a general purpose language, it is mostly intended to be used as a tool for learning functional programming.
The language has the following characteristics:
- Purely functional
- All functions and operands use prefix notation
- Interpreted
- Case sensitive
- There are no reserved words
A program written in Jan consists of a set of functions. A function consists of a set of expressions that are evaluated sequentially. An expression is a combination of explicit constants, parameters, operators and functions that are evaluated to return a value (or an empty result). The language follows the off-side rule to define its syntax (i.e., blocks are expressed by indentation marks). A Jan script should have a .jan extension.
Functions in Jan have a name (unique within the program), a list of parameters (if any) and a list of expressions that will be evaluated sequentially. When a function is called, the interpreter evaluates the expressions in the order that they were defined. If an expression returns a value (i.e., it does not return an empty result), the function finishes and the result of that expression is returned.
Function template:
FUNCTION_NAME PARAMETER_1 PARAMETER_2 PARAMETER_3...
EXPRESSION_1
EXPRESSION_2
EXPRESSION_3
...
Notice that the expressions are indented using the tab character and the formal parameters are not separated by commas but by a whitespace.
Here is an example function that compares 2 numbers:
compare a b
? > a b "A is bigger than B"
? > b a "B is bigger than A"
"A and B are equal"In pseudocode it could be written as:
function compare (a, b)
if (a > b) then
return "A is bigger than B"
end if
if (b > a) then
return "B is bigger than A"
end if
return "A and B are equal"
endThere are two types of expressions:
- Non-Conditional: these expressions are evaluated and returned as a result.
- Conditional: these expressions evaluate a condition in order to determine if a value is returned or not. There are two types of conditional expressions:
Simple: the condition is evaluated and if it is true, the expression returns a value, otherwise the execution continues to the next expression.
Example:
? = n 0 "N is zero"The previous expression can be read as: if n is equal to zero then return the string "N is zero"
In pseudocode it could be written as:
if (n == 0) then
return "N is zero"
end ifComplex: the condition is evaluated and if it is true, the expression returns the result of the consequent value, otherwise it returns the result of the alternative value.
Example:
?? = n 0 "N is zero" "N is not zero"The previous expression can be read as: if n is equal to zero then return the string "N is zero", otherwise return the string "N is not zero"
In pseudocode it could be written as:
if (n == 0) then
return "N is zero"
else
return "N is not zero"
end ifAll functions must contain at least one expression and the last (and only the last) expression in the list must be:
- A non-conditional expression
- A complex conditional expression
Expressions must be written using prefix notation (i.e., operators are placed to the left of the operands) and there must be at least one whitespace between operators and operands.
Jan contains a set of built-in operators to be used within expressions:
The language supports the following arithmetic operators:
-
Addition:
+- Example:
+ a b
- Example:
-
Subtraction:
-- Example:
- a b
- Example:
-
Multiplication:
*- Example:
* a b
- Example:
-
Division:
/- Example:
/ a b
- Example:
-
Increment:
++- Example:
++ a
- Example:
-
Decrement:
--- Example:
-- a
- Example:
-
Exponentiation:
^- Example:
^ a b
- Example:
-
Modulus:
%- Example:
% a b
- Example:
All the arithmetic operators receive numbers as input and return a number as a result.
The language supports the following comparison operators:
-
Equal:
=- Example:
= a b
- Example:
-
Not equal:
!=- Example:
!= a b
- Example:
These two comparison operators receive either two numbers, two booleans, two strings or two lists as input and return a boolean as a result.
-
Less:
<- Example:
< a b
- Example:
-
Less or equal:
<=- Example:
<= a b
- Example:
-
Greater:
>- Example:
> a b
- Example:
-
Greater or equal:
>=- Example:
>= a b
- Example:
The rest of comparison operators receive two numbers as input an return a boolean as a result.
The language supports the following logical operators:
-
And:
&- Example:
& a b
- Example:
-
Or:
|- Example:
| a b
- Example:
-
Negation:
!- Example:
! a
- Example:
All logical operators receive booleans as input and return a boolean as a result.
The language supports the following conditional operators:
-
Simple conditional:
?- Example:
? a b(if a then b)
- Example:
-
Complex conditional:
??- Example:
?? a b c(if a then b else c)
- Example:
In both conditional operators, the result of evaluating the first expression (in the examples: a) must be a boolean value.
The language supports the following string operators:
-
Definition:
""- Example:
"This is an example"
- Example:
-
Indexation:
@- Example:
@ 7 "Hello, world!"(it returns the 8th character in the string, in the example: w)
- Example:
-
Removal:
~- Example:
~ 5 "Do not test me"(it removes the 6th character in the string, in the example: "Do no test me")
- Example:
-
Length:
#- Example:
# "The cake is a lie"(it returns the length of the string, in the example: 17)
- Example:
-
Concatenation:
+- Example:
+ "Keep it simple " "and short"(it concatenates the two strings, in the example: "Keep it simple and short")
- Example:
The language supports the following list operators:
-
Definition:
[]- Example:
[ 1 2 3 ](notice that there must be a whitespace between the brackets and the first and last element)
- Example:
-
Indexation:
@- Example:
@ 2 [ a b c d e ](it returns the 3rd element of the list, in the example: c)
- Example:
-
Removal:
~- Example:
~ 3 [ a b c d e ](it removes the 4th element of the list, in the example: [ a b c e ])
- Example:
-
Length:
#- Example:
# [ a b c ](it returns the length of the list, in the example: 3)
- Example:
-
Concatenation:
+- Example:
+ z [ x y ](it concatenates the element to the end of the list, in the example: [ x y z ])
- Example:
A program can import another program located in a file using the $ symbol. For example:
$ "libs/math.jan"
$ "utils/vectors.jan"
$ "physics.jan"
The path of the files can be expressed as relative (to the current program) or absolute. This feature is not implemented yet.
The language allows in-line comments using the ; symbol. For example:
even n ; returns true if n is an even number
= 0 % n 2The language allows to define one (and only one) anonymous function and in case of exist, it will be called after the script is completely parsed. The anonymous function does not have a name or parameters and it must contain one (and only one) expression (non-conditional or complex). For example:
\ + "Result: " compute 10The language has the following data types:
There are two types of numbers:
Integers: whole numbers expressed in base 10, for example:
42 -8 250 0 -67
Floats: decimal numbers expressed in base 10, for example:
12.34 -0.001 2.0 99.90 -50.71
Notice that floats should be expressed like this 0.123 instead of .123
Boolean constants are defined as:
- True:
.(dot) - False:
:(colon)
Strings are immutable sequences of characters and therefore, operations such as removal and concatenation do not affect the given string but return a new one as a consequence of applying the operator. String constants are defined using double quotes, for example:
"First, solve the problem. Then, write the code."
Lists are fixed-length arrays that can contain zero or more elements. Lists are immutable elements and therefore, operations such as removal and concatenation do not affect the given list but return a new one as a consequence of applying the operator. Lists can contain elements of different types and are defined using the brackets symbols: [ ]. For example:
[ 1 2 3 4 5 ]
java -jar jan.jar SCRIPT_PATH
Here are some sample scripts written in Jan:
factorial n
? = n 0 1
* n factorial - n 1
\ factorial 5fibonacci n
fibo 0 n [ ]
fibo index limit list
? >= index limit list
? = 0 index fibo 1 limit [ 1 ]
? = 1 index fibo 2 limit [ 1 1 ]
fibo ++ index limit + + @ - index 1 list @ - index 2 list list
\ fibonacci 10The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2015 Mauricio Togneri
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.