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Reverse engineering framework in Python

Table of Contents

What is Miasm?

Miasm is a free and open source (GPLv2) reverse engineering framework. Miasm aims to analyze / modify / generate binary programs. Here is a non exhaustive list of features:

  • Opening / modifying / generating PE / ELF 32 / 64 LE / BE
  • Assembling / Disassembling X86 / ARM / MIPS / SH4 / MSP430
  • Representing assembly semantic using intermediate language
  • Emulating using JIT (dynamic code analysis, unpacking, ...)
  • Expression simplification for automatic de-obfuscation
  • ...

See the official blog for more examples and demos.

Basic examples

Assembling / Disassembling

Import Miasm x86 architecture:

>>> from miasm.arch.x86.arch import mn_x86
>>> from miasm.core.locationdb import LocationDB

Get a location db:

>>> loc_db = LocationDB()

Assemble a line:

>>> l = mn_x86.fromstring('XOR ECX, ECX', loc_db, 32)
>>> print(l)
XOR        ECX, ECX
>>> mn_x86.asm(l)
['1\xc9', '3\xc9', 'g1\xc9', 'g3\xc9']

Modify an operand:

>>> l.args[0] = mn_x86.regs.EAX
>>> print(l)
XOR        EAX, ECX
>>> a = mn_x86.asm(l)
>>> print(a)
['1\xc8', '3\xc1', 'g1\xc8', 'g3\xc1']

Disassemble the result:

>>> print(mn_x86.dis(a[0], 32))
XOR        EAX, ECX

Using Machine abstraction:

>>> from miasm.analysis.machine import Machine
>>> mn = Machine('x86_32').mn
>>> print(mn.dis('\x33\x30', 32))
XOR        ESI, DWORD PTR [EAX]

For Mips:

>>> mn = Machine('mips32b').mn
>>> print(mn.dis(b'\x97\xa3\x00 ', "b"))
LHU        V1, 0x20(SP)

Intermediate representation

Create an instruction:

>>> machine = Machine('arml')
>>> instr = machine.mn.dis('\x00 \x88\xe0', 'l')
>>> print(instr)
ADD        R2, R8, R0

Create an intermediate representation object:

>>> ira = machine.ira(loc_db)

Create an empty ircfg

>>> ircfg = ira.new_ircfg()

Add instruction to the pool:

>>> ira.add_instr_to_ircfg(instr, ircfg)

Print current pool:

>>> for lbl, irblock in ircfg.blocks.items():
...     print(irblock.to_string(loc_db))
loc_0:
R2 = R8 + R0

IRDst = loc_4

Working with IR, for instance by getting side effects:

>>> for lbl, irblock in ircfg.blocks.iteritems():
...     for assignblk in irblock:
...         rw = assignblk.get_rw()
...         for dst, reads in rw.iteritems():
...             print('read:   ', [str(x) for x in reads])
...             print('written:', dst)
...             print()
...
read:    ['R8', 'R0']
written: R2

read:    []
written: IRDst

Emulation

Giving a shellcode:

00000000 8d4904      lea    ecx, [ecx+0x4]
00000003 8d5b01      lea    ebx, [ebx+0x1]
00000006 80f901      cmp    cl, 0x1
00000009 7405        jz     0x10
0000000b 8d5bff      lea    ebx, [ebx-1]
0000000e eb03        jmp    0x13
00000010 8d5b01      lea    ebx, [ebx+0x1]
00000013 89d8        mov    eax, ebx
00000015 c3          ret
>>> s = '\x8dI\x04\x8d[\x01\x80\xf9\x01t\x05\x8d[\xff\xeb\x03\x8d[\x01\x89\xd8\xc3'

Import the shellcode thanks to the Container abstraction:

>>> from miasm.analysis.binary import Container
>>> c = Container.from_string(s)
>>> c
<miasm.analysis.binary.ContainerUnknown object at 0x7f34cefe6090>

Disassembling the shellcode at address 0:

>>> from miasm.analysis.machine import Machine
>>> machine = Machine('x86_32')
>>> mdis = machine.dis_engine(c.bin_stream)
>>> asmcfg = mdis.dis_multiblock(0)
>>> for block in asmcfg.blocks:
...  print(block.to_string(asmcfg.loc_db))
...
loc_0
LEA        ECX, DWORD PTR [ECX + 0x4]
LEA        EBX, DWORD PTR [EBX + 0x1]
CMP        CL, 0x1
JZ         loc_10
->      c_next:loc_b    c_to:loc_10
loc_10
LEA        EBX, DWORD PTR [EBX + 0x1]
->      c_next:loc_13
loc_b
LEA        EBX, DWORD PTR [EBX + 0xFFFFFFFF]
JMP        loc_13
->      c_to:loc_13
loc_13
MOV        EAX, EBX
RET

Initializing the Jit engine with a stack:

>>> jitter = machine.jitter(jit_type='python')
>>> jitter.init_stack()

Add the shellcode in an arbitrary memory location:

>>> run_addr = 0x40000000
>>> from miasm.jitter.csts import PAGE_READ, PAGE_WRITE
>>> jitter.vm.add_memory_page(run_addr, PAGE_READ | PAGE_WRITE, s)

Create a sentinelle to catch the return of the shellcode:

def code_sentinelle(jitter):
    jitter.run = False
    jitter.pc = 0
    return True

>>> jitter.add_breakpoint(0x1337beef, code_sentinelle)
>>> jitter.push_uint32_t(0x1337beef)

Active logs:

>>> jitter.set_trace_log()

Run at arbitrary address:

>>> jitter.init_run(run_addr)
>>> jitter.continue_run()
RAX 0000000000000000 RBX 0000000000000000 RCX 0000000000000000 RDX 0000000000000000
RSI 0000000000000000 RDI 0000000000000000 RSP 000000000123FFF8 RBP 0000000000000000
zf 0000000000000000 nf 0000000000000000 of 0000000000000000 cf 0000000000000000
RIP 0000000040000000
40000000 LEA        ECX, DWORD PTR [ECX+0x4]
RAX 0000000000000000 RBX 0000000000000000 RCX 0000000000000004 RDX 0000000000000000
RSI 0000000000000000 RDI 0000000000000000 RSP 000000000123FFF8 RBP 0000000000000000
zf 0000000000000000 nf 0000000000000000 of 0000000000000000 cf 0000000000000000
....
4000000e JMP        loc_0000000040000013:0x40000013
RAX 0000000000000000 RBX 0000000000000000 RCX 0000000000000004 RDX 0000000000000000
RSI 0000000000000000 RDI 0000000000000000 RSP 000000000123FFF8 RBP 0000000000000000
zf 0000000000000000 nf 0000000000000000 of 0000000000000000 cf 0000000000000000
RIP 0000000040000013
40000013 MOV        EAX, EBX
RAX 0000000000000000 RBX 0000000000000000 RCX 0000000000000004 RDX 0000000000000000
RSI 0000000000000000 RDI 0000000000000000 RSP 000000000123FFF8 RBP 0000000000000000
zf 0000000000000000 nf 0000000000000000 of 0000000000000000 cf 0000000000000000
RIP 0000000040000013
40000015 RET
>>>

Interacting with the jitter:

>>> jitter.vm
ad 1230000 size 10000 RW_ hpad 0x2854b40
ad 40000000 size 16 RW_ hpad 0x25e0ed0

>>> hex(jitter.cpu.EAX)
'0x0L'
>>> jitter.cpu.ESI = 12

Symbolic execution

Initializing the IR pool:

>>> ira = machine.ira(loc_db)
>>> ircfg = ira.new_ircfg_from_asmcfg(asmcfg)

Initializing the engine with default symbolic values:

>>> from miasm.ir.symbexec import SymbolicExecutionEngine
>>> sb = SymbolicExecutionEngine(ira)

Launching the execution:

>>> symbolic_pc = sb.run_at(ircfg, 0)
>>> print(symbolic_pc)
((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0xB,0x10)

Same, with step logs (only changes are displayed):

>>> sb = SymbolicExecutionEngine(ira, machine.mn.regs.regs_init)
>>> symbolic_pc = sb.run_at(ircfg, 0, step=True)
Instr LEA        ECX, DWORD PTR [ECX + 0x4]
Assignblk:
ECX = ECX + 0x4
________________________________________________________________________________
ECX                = ECX + 0x4
________________________________________________________________________________
Instr LEA        EBX, DWORD PTR [EBX + 0x1]
Assignblk:
EBX = EBX + 0x1
________________________________________________________________________________
EBX                = EBX + 0x1
ECX                = ECX + 0x4
________________________________________________________________________________
Instr CMP        CL, 0x1
Assignblk:
zf = (ECX[0:8] + -0x1)?(0x0,0x1)
nf = (ECX[0:8] + -0x1)[7:8]
pf = parity((ECX[0:8] + -0x1) & 0xFF)
of = ((ECX[0:8] ^ (ECX[0:8] + -0x1)) & (ECX[0:8] ^ 0x1))[7:8]
cf = (((ECX[0:8] ^ 0x1) ^ (ECX[0:8] + -0x1)) ^ ((ECX[0:8] ^ (ECX[0:8] + -0x1)) & (ECX[0:8] ^ 0x1)))[7:8]
af = ((ECX[0:8] ^ 0x1) ^ (ECX[0:8] + -0x1))[4:5]
________________________________________________________________________________
af                 = (((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)[4:5]
pf                 = parity((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)
zf                 = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0x0,0x1)
ECX                = ECX + 0x4
of                 = ((((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8]) & ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1))[7:8]
nf                 = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)[7:8]
cf                 = (((((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8]) & ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)) ^ ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)[7:8]
EBX                = EBX + 0x1
________________________________________________________________________________
Instr JZ         loc_key_1
Assignblk:
IRDst = zf?(loc_key_1,loc_key_2)
EIP = zf?(loc_key_1,loc_key_2)
________________________________________________________________________________
af                 = (((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)[4:5]
EIP                = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0xB,0x10)
pf                 = parity((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)
IRDst              = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0xB,0x10)
zf                 = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0x0,0x1)
ECX                = ECX + 0x4
of                 = ((((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8]) & ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1))[7:8]
nf                 = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)[7:8]
cf                 = (((((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8]) & ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)) ^ ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)[7:8]
EBX                = EBX + 0x1
________________________________________________________________________________
>>>

Retry execution with a concrete ECX. Here, the symbolic / concolic execution reach the shellcode's end:

>>> from miasm.expression.expression import ExprInt
>>> sb.symbols[machine.mn.regs.ECX] = ExprInt(-3, 32)
>>> symbolic_pc = sb.run_at(ircfg, 0, step=True)
Instr LEA        ECX, DWORD PTR [ECX + 0x4]
Assignblk:
ECX = ECX + 0x4
________________________________________________________________________________
af                 = (((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)[4:5]
EIP                = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0xB,0x10)
pf                 = parity((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)
IRDst              = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0xB,0x10)
zf                 = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0x0,0x1)
ECX                = 0x1
of                 = ((((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8]) & ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1))[7:8]
nf                 = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)[7:8]
cf                 = (((((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8]) & ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)) ^ ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)[7:8]
EBX                = EBX + 0x1
________________________________________________________________________________
Instr LEA        EBX, DWORD PTR [EBX + 0x1]
Assignblk:
EBX = EBX + 0x1
________________________________________________________________________________
af                 = (((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)[4:5]
EIP                = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0xB,0x10)
pf                 = parity((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)
IRDst              = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0xB,0x10)
zf                 = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0x0,0x1)
ECX                = 0x1
of                 = ((((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8]) & ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1))[7:8]
nf                 = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)[7:8]
cf                 = (((((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8]) & ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)) ^ ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF) ^ (ECX + 0x4)[0:8] ^ 0x1)[7:8]
EBX                = EBX + 0x2
________________________________________________________________________________
Instr CMP        CL, 0x1
Assignblk:
zf = (ECX[0:8] + -0x1)?(0x0,0x1)
nf = (ECX[0:8] + -0x1)[7:8]
pf = parity((ECX[0:8] + -0x1) & 0xFF)
of = ((ECX[0:8] ^ (ECX[0:8] + -0x1)) & (ECX[0:8] ^ 0x1))[7:8]
cf = (((ECX[0:8] ^ 0x1) ^ (ECX[0:8] + -0x1)) ^ ((ECX[0:8] ^ (ECX[0:8] + -0x1)) & (ECX[0:8] ^ 0x1)))[7:8]
af = ((ECX[0:8] ^ 0x1) ^ (ECX[0:8] + -0x1))[4:5]
________________________________________________________________________________
af                 = 0x0
EIP                = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0xB,0x10)
pf                 = 0x1
IRDst              = ((ECX + 0x4)[0:8] + 0xFF)?(0xB,0x10)
zf                 = 0x1
ECX                = 0x1
of                 = 0x0
nf                 = 0x0
cf                 = 0x0
EBX                = EBX + 0x2
________________________________________________________________________________
Instr JZ         loc_key_1
Assignblk:
IRDst = zf?(loc_key_1,loc_key_2)
EIP = zf?(loc_key_1,loc_key_2)
________________________________________________________________________________
af                 = 0x0
EIP                = 0x10
pf                 = 0x1
IRDst              = 0x10
zf                 = 0x1
ECX                = 0x1
of                 = 0x0
nf                 = 0x0
cf                 = 0x0
EBX                = EBX + 0x2
________________________________________________________________________________
Instr LEA        EBX, DWORD PTR [EBX + 0x1]
Assignblk:
EBX = EBX + 0x1
________________________________________________________________________________
af                 = 0x0
EIP                = 0x10
pf                 = 0x1
IRDst              = 0x10
zf                 = 0x1
ECX                = 0x1
of                 = 0x0
nf                 = 0x0
cf                 = 0x0
EBX                = EBX + 0x3
________________________________________________________________________________
Instr LEA        EBX, DWORD PTR [EBX + 0x1]
Assignblk:
IRDst = loc_key_3
________________________________________________________________________________
af                 = 0x0
EIP                = 0x10
pf                 = 0x1
IRDst              = 0x13
zf                 = 0x1
ECX                = 0x1
of                 = 0x0
nf                 = 0x0
cf                 = 0x0
EBX                = EBX + 0x3
________________________________________________________________________________
Instr MOV        EAX, EBX
Assignblk:
EAX = EBX
________________________________________________________________________________
af                 = 0x0
EIP                = 0x10
pf                 = 0x1
IRDst              = 0x13
zf                 = 0x1
ECX                = 0x1
of                 = 0x0
nf                 = 0x0
cf                 = 0x0
EBX                = EBX + 0x3
EAX                = EBX + 0x3
________________________________________________________________________________
Instr RET
Assignblk:
IRDst = @32[ESP[0:32]]
ESP = {ESP[0:32] + 0x4 0 32}
EIP = @32[ESP[0:32]]
________________________________________________________________________________
af                 = 0x0
EIP                = @32[ESP]
pf                 = 0x1
IRDst              = @32[ESP]
zf                 = 0x1
ECX                = 0x1
of                 = 0x0
nf                 = 0x0
cf                 = 0x0
EBX                = EBX + 0x3
ESP                = ESP + 0x4
EAX                = EBX + 0x3
________________________________________________________________________________
>>>

How does it work?

Miasm embeds its own disassembler, intermediate language and instruction semantic. It is written in Python.

To emulate code, it uses LLVM, GCC, Clang or Python to JIT the intermediate representation. It can emulate shellcodes and all or parts of binaries. Python callbacks can be executed to interact with the execution, for instance to emulate library functions effects.

Documentation

TODO

An auto-generated documentation is available here.

Obtaining Miasm

Software requirements

Miasm uses:

  • python-pyparsing
  • python-dev
  • optionally python-pycparser (version >= 2.17)

To enable code JIT, one of the following module is mandatory:

  • GCC
  • Clang
  • LLVM with Numba llvmlite, see below

'optional' Miasm can also use:

Configuration

To use the jitter, GCC or LLVM is recommended

  • GCC (any version)
  • Clang (any version)
  • LLVM
    • Debian (testing/unstable): Not tested
    • Debian stable/Ubuntu/Kali/whatever: pip install llvmlite or install from llvmlite
    • Windows: Not tested
  • Build and install Miasm:
$ cd miasm_directory
$ python setup.py build
$ sudo python setup.py install

If something goes wrong during one of the jitter modules compilation, Miasm will skip the error and disable the corresponding module (see the compilation output).

Windows & IDA

Most of Miasm's IDA plugins use a subset of Miasm functionality. A quick way to have them working is to add:

  • pyparsing.py to C:\...\IDA\python\ or pip install pyparsing
  • miasm/miasm directory to C:\...\IDA\python\

All features excepting JITter related ones will be available. For a more complete installation, please refer to above paragraphs.

Testing

Miasm comes with a set of regression tests. To run all of them:

cd miasm_directory/test
python test_all.py

Some options can be specified:

  • Mono threading: -m
  • Code coverage instrumentation: -c
  • Only fast tests: -t long (excludes the long tests)

They already use Miasm

Tools

  • Sibyl: A function divination too
  • R2M2: Use miasm as a radare2 plugin
  • CGrex : Targeted patcher for CGC binaries
  • ethRE Reversing tool for Ethereum EVM (with corresponding Miasm2 architecture)

Blog posts / papers / conferences

Books

Misc

  • Man, does miasm has a link with rr0d?
  • Yes! crappy code and uggly documentation.

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Reverse engineering framework in Python

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