Drop Python 3.8 and add Python 3.12 support

[lisphilar]

Related issues

Drop Python 3.8 and add Python 3.12 support.
Tests with pip installation will be done with 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12 version.
Because pyproject-flake8 does not support Python 3.12, Python 3.11 will be used for quality check and Poetry test.
Fix related warnings and errors.

What was changed

• Close [New] Drop Python 3.8 support #1591
• Close [New] Add Python 3.12 support #1592
• Close [Bug] FutureWarning: Setting an item of incompatible dtype is deprecated and will raise in a future error of pandas. Value '<FloatingArray> #1594
• Close [Bug] FutureWarning: Series.__getitem__ treating keys as positions is deprecated #1595
• Close [Bug] DeprecationWarning: DataFrameGroupBy.apply operated on the grouping columns #1596
• Close [Bug] tests failed with covsirphy.util.error.NotIncludedError: 'Population' was not included in the 'column list of raw data'. The dataframe has ISO3, Province, City, Date as columns. #1597

[sourcery-ai]

PR Type: Enhancement

PR Summary: The pull request updates the Python version used in GitHub Actions workflows and refactors type hinting syntax in the codebase. It aims to drop support for Python 3.8 and introduce support for Python 3.12, aligning with the latest Python releases.

Decision: Comment

📝 Type: 'Enhancement' - not supported yet.

• Sourcery currently only approves 'Typo fix' PRs.

✅ Issue addressed: this change correctly addresses the issue or implements the desired feature.

No details provided.

📝 Complexity: the changes are too large or complex for Sourcery to approve.

• Unsupported files: the diff contains files that Sourcery does not currently support during reviews.

General suggestions:

• Ensure that all dependencies are fully compatible with Python 3.12 before merging this pull request.
• Consider the impact on users who may still be using Python 3.8 and whether maintaining support for this version is necessary.
• Verify that the deployment environment and all necessary dependencies are available and stable for Python 3.12.
• Review the broader impact of these changes on the codebase, including any potential issues that may arise from dropping Python 3.8 support.

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Comparison is base (a4adc60) 91.71% compared to head (4b48a12) 91.73%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #1593      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   91.71%   91.73%   +0.02%     
==========================================
  Files          43       43              
  Lines        2800     2807       +7     
  Branches      349      299      -50     
==========================================
+ Hits         2568     2575       +7     
  Misses        213      213              
  Partials       19       19              

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