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| # liblouis: Uncontracted braille table for Yiddish. | ||
| # | ||
| # | ||
| # This file is part of liblouis. | ||
| # | ||
| # liblouis is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it | ||
| # under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as | ||
| # published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 2.1 of the | ||
| # License, or (at your option) any later version. | ||
| # | ||
| # liblouis is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but | ||
| # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | ||
| # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU | ||
| # Lesser General Public License for more details. | ||
| # | ||
| # You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public | ||
| # License along with liblouis. If not, see | ||
| # <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. | ||
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| #-license: LGPLv2.1 | ||
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| # Copyright (C) 2024 by Abby Howell <[email protected]> | ||
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| #-copyright: 2024, Abby Howell <[email protected]> | ||
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| #-index-name: Yiddish | ||
| #-display-name: Yiddish braille | ||
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| #+language: yi | ||
| #+type: literary | ||
| #+dots: 6 | ||
| #+contraction: no | ||
| #+grade: 1 | ||
| #+direction:forward | ||
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| # This table was created by Abby Howell, Matthew Shifrin, and Harris Mowbray | ||
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| #-author: Abby Howell <[email protected]> | ||
| #-author: Matthew Shifrin <[email protected]> | ||
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| # Yiddish is a Jewish language written in the Hebrew alphabet, which has | ||
| # been spoken by Ashkenazic Jewish communities in Eastern Europe and their | ||
| # descendants for over 1000 years. Although Yiddish is written using the | ||
| # same alphabet as Hebrew, not all of Unicode characters used in Yiddish | ||
| # are represented in the Hebrew Braille tables. Additionally, in Hebrew, | ||
| # the letters are only used to represent consonants, and the vowels are | ||
| # written with diacritic accent characters and often omitted entirely. In | ||
| # Yiddish, by contrast, all vowel sounds are represented by letters or | ||
| # combinations of letters. Because of this, even though the two languages | ||
| # share an alphabet, they need to use separate Braille tables. | ||
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| # Background: | ||
| # | ||
| # This braille table is being proposed by a sighted teacher and a blind student | ||
| # of Yiddish at the Boston Worker's Circle, who have been working together, along | ||
| # with a consortium of advisors, to make the language accessible through braille. | ||
| # | ||
| # Yiddish was incorporated into unicode two decades ago with a few special characters | ||
| # and combinations of letters which have unique unicode characters, which are not | ||
| # represented by the Hebrew Braille table. The result is that, when a blind reader | ||
| # tries to read a Yiddish text file, many of the characters are not represented, filling | ||
| # the output with "mystery characters". | ||
| # This table is needed so that braille reader software will be able to recognize | ||
| # the unicode characters that represent Yiddish and display them in readable Braille. | ||
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| # This table is informed by and inspired by the Hebrew Braille table, but with Braille | ||
| # characters assigned to the letters based on the way they are pronounced in Yiddish. | ||
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| # Notable differences with the Hebrew Braille table are as follows: | ||
| # The letter ayin is used in Yiddish as a vowel "e". We have assigned it dots 15, | ||
| # overriding the Hebrew's 1246. | ||
| # The letter vov is used in Yiddish as the vowel "u", and two vovs are the consonant "v". | ||
| # We assigned the single vov dots 346, overriding Hebrew's 2456, and we assigned | ||
| # the double-vov dots 1236. | ||
| # The second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, beys, can be pronounced like a "b" or like a "v". | ||
| # In Hebrew Braille, the letter is assigned dots 1236, and when it has a dagesh (a dot | ||
| # in the middle of the letter representing that it's pronounced as a stop), it gets dots 12. | ||
| # In Yiddish, this letter is used to represent the sound "b" in most cases, and when it | ||
| # is used to represent the sound "v" it is written with a "rafe" which is a line | ||
| # above the letter (the rafe is not generally used in Hebrew). So we have assigned the | ||
| # unmarked beys the dots 12, and the beys with rafe (called "veys" in Yiddish) the dots 2456. | ||
| # There are a handful of special letter combinations that are used in Yiddish to represent | ||
| # dipthongs (combination vowels). The letters vov-yud are used to represent the sound "oy" and | ||
| # we've assigned that combo dots 246. The letters yud-yud are used to represent the sound "ey" | ||
| # and we've assigned them dots 26. The letters yud-yud-pasekh represent the sound "ay" and | ||
| # we've assigned them dots 356. | ||
| # For the letter alef with pasekh, used in Yiddish to represent the vowel "a", we've assigned | ||
| # dots 12346. For the letter alef with komets, used in Yiddish to represent the sound "o", we've | ||
| # selected dots 12356. | ||
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| # In the process, we've relied on a consortium of experts for advice, including: | ||
| # - Mark David, a board member of the League for Yiddish, who was involved in the | ||
| # effort to incorporate Yiddish into Unicode over 20 years ago. He is the force behind | ||
| # UYIP.org, a website and listserve for Understanding Yiddish Information Processing. | ||
| # - Harry Bochner, a linguist and software engineer who co-authored the | ||
| # Comprehensive Yiddish-English Dictionary | ||
| # - Caryn Navy, a braille expert who works at Duxbury Systems | ||
| # - Harris Mowbray, a software engineer with experience creating Braille tables | ||
| # for other languages | ||
| # - Daniel Carkner, a (sighted) Yiddish speaker who also reads UEB Braille | ||
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| # The final mapping of Yiddish letters to Braille characters was decided by | ||
| # Matthew Shifrin after a semester of learning to read Yiddish with various | ||
| # draft Braille tables. The final map is as follows: | ||
| # | ||
| # shtumer alef א 1 ⠁ | ||
| # pasekh alef אַ 12346 ⠯ | ||
| # komets alef אָ 12356 ⠷ | ||
| # beys ב 12 ⠃ | ||
| # veys בֿ 2456 ⠺ | ||
| # giml ג 1245 ⠛ | ||
| # daled ד 145 ⠙ | ||
| # hey ה 125 ⠓ | ||
| # vov ו 346 ⠬ | ||
| # tsvey vovn װ 1236 ⠧ | ||
| # vov yud ױ 246 ⠪ | ||
| # zayin ז 1356⠵ | ||
| # khes ח 1346 ⠭ | ||
| # tes ט 2345 ⠞ | ||
| # yud י 245 ⠚ | ||
| # tsvey yudn ײ 26 ⠢ | ||
| # pasekh tsvey yudn ײַ 356 ⠴ | ||
| # kof כּ 13 ⠅ | ||
| # khof כ 16 ⠡ | ||
| # lamed ל 123 ⠇ | ||
| # mem מ 134 ⠍ | ||
| # nun נ 1345 ⠝ | ||
| # samekh ס 234 ⠎ | ||
| # ayin ע 15 ⠑ | ||
| # pey פּ 1234 ⠏ | ||
| # fey פֿ 124 ⠋ | ||
| # tsadik צ 2346 ⠮ | ||
| # kuf ק 12345 ⠟ | ||
| # reysh ר 1235 ⠗ | ||
| # shin ש 146 ⠩ | ||
| # sin שׂ 156 ⠱ | ||
| # tof תּ 1256 ⠳ | ||
| # sof ת 1456 ⠹ | ||
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| # Braille indicators | ||
| numsign 3456 number sign, just a dots operand | ||
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| capsletter 6 | ||
| begcapsword 6-6 | ||
| endcapsword 6-3 | ||
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| # literary forms of the decimal digits | ||
| include litdigits6Dots.uti | ||
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| # display/passthrough for unicode braille | ||
| include braille-patterns.cti | ||
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| # include the hebrew braille table | ||
| include he-IL.utb | ||
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| include en-chardefs.cti All character definition opcodes | ||
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| # YIDDISH | ||
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| punctuation \x05BF 36 # HEBREW POINT RAFE | ||
| letter \x05D0 1 # YIDDISH LETTER SHTUMER ALEF (silent letter) | ||
| letter \xFB2E 12346 # YIDDISH LETTER PASEKH ALEF (a) | ||
| letter \xFB2F 12356 # YIDDISH LETTER KOMETS ALEF (o) | ||
| letter \xfb31 12 # YIDDISH LETTER BEYS WITH DAGESH (b) | ||
| letter \xFB4C 2456 # YIDDISH LETTER VEYS WITH RAFE (v) | ||
| letter \x05d1 12 # YIDDISH LETTER BEYS (b) | ||
| letter \x05D2 1245 # YIDDISH LETTER GIML (g) | ||
| letter \x05D3 145 # YIDDISH LETTER DALED (d) | ||
| letter \x05D4 125 # YIDDISH LETTER HEY (h) | ||
| letter \x05D5 346 # YIDDISH LETTER VOV (u) | ||
| letter \xfb35 346 # YIDDISH LETTER MELUPM VOV (u) | ||
| letter \x05F0 1236 # YIDDISH LIGATURE TSVEY VOVN (v) | ||
| letter \x05F1 246 # YIDDISH LIGATURE VOV YUD (oy) | ||
| letter \x05D6 1356 # YIDDISH LETTER ZAYIN (z) | ||
| letter \x05D7 1346 # YIDDISH LETTER KHES (kh) | ||
| letter \x05D8 2345 # YIDDISH LETTER TES (t) | ||
| letter \x05D9 245 # YIDDISH LETTER YUD (i) | ||
| letter \xfb1d 245 # YIDDISH LETTER KHIRIK YUD (i) | ||
| letter \x05F2 26 # YIDDISH LIGATURE TSVEY YUDN (ey) | ||
| letter \xFB1F 356 # YIDDISH LIGATURE PASEKH TSVEY YUDN (ay) | ||
| letter \xFB3B 13 # YIDDISH LETTER KOF (k) | ||
| letter \x05DB 16 # YIDDISH LETTER KHOF (kh) | ||
| letter \x05DA 16 # YIDDISH LETTER LANGER KHOF (kh) | ||
| letter \x05DC 123 # YIDDISH LETTER LAMED (l) | ||
| letter \x05DE 134 # YIDDISH LETTER MEM (m) | ||
| letter \x05DD 134 # YIDDISH LETTER SHLOS MEM (m) | ||
| letter \x05E0 1345 # YIDDISH LETTER NUN (n) | ||
| letter \x05DF 1345 # YIDDISH LETTER LANGER NUN (n) | ||
| letter \x05E2 15 # YIDDISH LETTER AYIN (e) | ||
| letter \xFB44 1234 # YIDDISH LETTER PEY WITH DAGESH (p) | ||
| letter \xFB4E 124 # YIDDISH LETTER FEY WITH RAFE (f) | ||
| letter \x05E4 124 # YIDDISH LETTER FEY (f) | ||
| letter \x05E3 124 # YIDDISH LETTER LANGER FEY (f) | ||
| letter \x05E6 2346 # YIDDISH LETTER TSADIK (ts) | ||
| letter \x05E5 2346 # YIDDISH LETTER LANGER TSADIK (ts) | ||
| letter \x05E7 12345 # YIDDISH LETTER KUF (k) | ||
| letter \x05E8 1235 # YIDDISH LETTER REYSH (r) | ||
| letter \x05E9 146 # YIDDISH LETTER SHIN (sh) | ||
| letter \xFB2B 156 # YIDDISH LETTER SIN (s) | ||
| letter \xFB4A 1256 # YIDDISH LETTER TOF (t) | ||
| letter \x05EA 1456 # YIDDISH LETTER SOF (s) | ||
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| always \x05D5\x05D9 246 # YIDDISH LETTER VOV YUD (oy) | ||
| always \x05D5\x05D5 1236 # YIDDISH LETTER VOV VOV (v) | ||
| always \x05D9\x05D9 26 # YIDDISH LETTER YUD YUD | ||
| always \x05F2\x05B7 356 # YIDDISH LETTER PASEKH TSVEY YUDN WITH SEPARATE PASEKH | ||
| always \xFB1F 356 # YIDDISH LETTER PASEKH TSVEY YUDN | ||
| always \x05D1\x05BF 2456 # YIDDISH LETTER VEYS WITH SEPARATE RAFE | ||
| always \xFB4C 2456 # YIDDISH LETTER VEYS WITH SEPARATE RAFE | ||
| always \x05DB\x05BC 13 # YIDDISH LETTER KAF WITH SEPARATE DAGESH | ||
| always \xFB3B 13 # YIDDISH LETTER KAF WITH DAGESH כּ | ||
| always כּ 13 # YIDDISH LETTER KAF WITH SEPARATE DAGESH כּ | ||
| always פּ 1234 # YIDDISH LETTER PEY WITH SEPARATE DAGESH פּ | ||
| always פּ 1234 # YIDDISH LETTER PEY WITH DAGESH פּ | ||
| always \x05E4\x05BC 1234 # YIDDISH LETTER PEY WITH SEPARATE DAGESH פּ | ||
| always פֿ 124 # YIDDISH LETTER FEY WITH RAFE פֿ | ||
| always \x05E4\x05BF 124 # YIDDISH LETTER FEY WITH SEPARATE RAFE פֿ | ||
| always \x05E9\x05C2 156 # YIDDISH LETTER SIN WITH SEPARATE DOT | ||
| always שׂ 156 # YIDDISH LETTER SIN WITH DOT שׂ | ||
| always שׂ 156 # YIDDISH LETTER SIN WITH SEPARATE DOT שׂ | ||
| always \x05EA\x05BC 1256 # YIDDISH LETTER TOF WITH SEPARATE DAGESH תּ | ||
| always תּ 1256 # YIDDISH LETTER TOF WITH SEPARATE DAGESH תּ | ||
| always \x05D0\x05B7 12346 # YIDDISH LETTER PASEKH ALEF WITH SEPARATE PASEKH | ||
| always אַ 12346 # YIDDISH LETTER PASEKH ALEF WITH SEPARATE PASEKH | ||
| always \x05D0\x05B8 12356 # YIDDISH LETTER KOMETS ALEF WITH SEPARATE KOMETS | ||
| always אָ 12356 # YIDDISH LETTER KOMETS ALEF WITH SEPARATE KOMETS | ||
| always \x05D5\x05BC 346 # YIDDISH LETTER MELUPM VOV WITH SEPARATE DAGESH | ||
| always וּ 346 # YIDDISH LETTER MELUPM VOV WITH SEPARATE DAGESH | ||
| always \x05D9\x05B4 245 # YIDDISH LETTER KHIREK YUD WITH SEPARATE KHIREK | ||
| always יִ 245 # YIDDISH LETTER KHIREK YUD WITH SEPARATE KHIREK | ||
| always ב 12 # YIDDISH LETTER BEYS ב | ||
| always בּ 12 # YIDDISH LETTER BEYS WITH DAGESH בּ | ||
| always \x05E2 15 # YIDDISH LETTER AYIN (e) | ||
| always \x05D5 346 # YIDDISH LETTER VOV (u) | ||
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