prepair — pronounce 'pee-repair' as in 'polygon repair' — permits us to easily repair "broken" GIS polygons according to the international standard ISO19107 (Geographic information — Spatial schema). Given one input polygon, it automatically repairs it and returns back a valid polygon (actually a MultiPolygon since the input can represent more than one polygon — think of a 'bowtie' for instance).
Automated repair methods can be considered as interpreting ambiguous or ill-defined polygons and giving a coherent and clearly defined output. Examples of errors are: polygon has a dangling edge; polygon is not closed; polygon self-intersects; an inner ring of the polygon is located outside the outer ring; etc.
prepair performs more or less the same as the PostGIS 2.0's function ST_MakeValid(), but is faster, scales better to massive polygons, and predicting its behaviour is simple (so one can guess how her polygons will be repaired). We have implemented two repair paradigms:
- an extension of the odd-even algorithm to handle GIS polygons containing inner rings and degeneracies;
- setdiff: one where we follow a point set difference rule for the rings (outer - inner).
prepair is based on a constrained triangulation (CGAL is used) and OGR is used to read/write WKT.
It is available under a dual license scheme: GPLv3 and commercial. If you are interested in a commercial license, please contact Ken Arroyo Ohori.
Note that prepair is only concerned with single polygons, and if you're interested in validating how different polygons interact with each other (to be precise: to check if they form a planar partition) have a look at our other project pprepair.
Details of how we automatically repair broken polygons, and what results you can expect, are available in this scientific article:
Ledoux, H., Arroyo Ohori, K., and Meijers, M. (2014). A triangulation-based approach to automatically repair GIS polygons. Computers & Geosciences 66:121–131. [DOI] [PDF]
If you use prepair for a scientific project, please cite this article.
prepair is provided as source code or as 64-bit binaries for Windows and Mac. The Mac binary requires Kyngchaos' GDAL 1.11 Complete Framework.
prepair is also very easy to compile on Mac and Linux using the included CMake file. It should also work on other Unix-like systems. To compile prepair, you need to have a recent version of the following three (free) libraries:
Under Mac, if you use Kyngchaos' GDAL Complete Framework, which is used by QGIS, you already have OGR installed. If you need them, a good way to install CGAL and OGR is to use Homebrew:
$ brew install gdal
$ brew install cgal
Once all the dependencies are met, just generate the makefile for your system and compile:
$ cmake .
$ make
You can run prepair from the command-line or through our QGIS plug-in, which you can get from the official QGIS repository.
A WKT or an OGR dataset (shapefile, geojson or GML for instance) is read as input, and a WKT or a shapefile (a MultiPolygon) is given as output:
$ ./prepair --wkt 'POLYGON((0 0, 0 10, 10 0, 10 10, 0 0))'
MULTIPOLYGON (((0 10,0 0,5 5,0 10)),((5 5,10 0,10 10,5 5)))
$ ./prepair --ogr myfile.shp
MULTIPOLYGON (((0 10,0 0,5 5,0 10)),((5 5,10 0,10 10,5 5)))
$ ./prepair --shpOut --ogr data/CLC2006_180927.geojson
Creating out.shp
Snap rounding of the input segments can be performed with the --isr option:
$ /prepair --isr 2 --wkt "POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 15 5, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0))"
MULTIPOLYGON (((11 1,11 11,1 11,1 1,11 1)))
It's also possible to remove small (sliver) polygons in the output by giving the smallest area allowed with the --minarea option:
$ ./prepair --wkt 'POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 11, 11 10, 0 10))'
MULTIPOLYGON (((10 0,10 10,0 10,0 0,10 0)),((11 10,10 11,10 10,11 10)))
$ ./prepair --wkt 'POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 11, 11 10, 0 10))' --minarea 1
Removing polygons smaller than 1 unit^2.
MULTIPOLYGON (((10 0,10 10,0 10,0 0,10 0)))
The folder 'data' contains examples of relatively big invalid polygons. These are from the Corine Land Cover 2006 dataset.
A 'bowtie' polygon:
POLYGON((0 0, 0 10, 10 0, 10 10, 0 0))
Square with wrong orientation:
POLYGON((0 0, 0 10, 10 10, 10 0, 0 0))
Inner ring with one edge sharing part of an edge of the outer ring:
POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0),(5 2,5 7,10 7, 10 2, 5 2))
Dangling edge:
POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 15 5, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0))
Outer ring not closed:
POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10))
Two adjacent inner rings:
POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0), (1 1, 1 8, 3 8, 3 1, 1 1), (3 1, 3 8, 5 8, 5 1, 3 1))
Polygon with an inner ring inside another inner ring:
POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0), (2 8, 5 8, 5 2, 2 2, 2 8), (3 3, 4 3, 3 4, 3 3))