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Expand Up @@ -40,8 +40,12 @@ see the [Creating a cluster with kubeadm](/docs/setup/production-environment/too
* Full network connectivity between all machines in the cluster (public or private network is fine).
* Unique hostname, MAC address, and product_uuid for every node. See [here](#verify-mac-address) for more details.
* Certain ports are open on your machines. See [here](#check-required-ports) for more details.
* Swap disabled. You **MUST** disable swap in order for the kubelet to work properly.
* For example, `sudo swapoff -a` will disable swapping temporarily. To make this change persistent across reboots, make sure swap is disabled in config files like `/etc/fstab`, `systemd.swap`, depending how it was configured on your system.
* Swap configuration. The default behavior of a kubelet was to fail to start if swap memory was detected on a node.
Swap has been supported since v1.22. And since v1.28, Swap is supported for cgroup v2 only; the NodeSwap feature
gate of the kubelet is beta but disabled by default.
* You **MUST** disable swap if the kubelet is not properly configured to use swap. For example, `sudo swapoff -a`
will disable swapping temporarily. To make this change persistent across reboots, make sure swap is disabled in
config files like `/etc/fstab`, `systemd.swap`, depending how it was configured on your system.
-->
* 一台兼容的 Linux 主机。Kubernetes 项目为基于 Debian 和 Red Hat 的 Linux
发行版以及一些不提供包管理器的发行版提供通用的指令。
Expand All @@ -50,12 +54,30 @@ see the [Creating a cluster with kubeadm](/docs/setup/production-environment/too
* 集群中的所有机器的网络彼此均能相互连接（公网和内网都可以）。
* 节点之中不可以有重复的主机名、MAC 地址或 product_uuid。请参见[这里](#verify-mac-address)了解更多详细信息。
* 开启机器上的某些端口。请参见[这里](#check-required-ports)了解更多详细信息。
* 禁用交换分区。为了保证 kubelet 正常工作，你**必须**禁用交换分区。
* 例如，`sudo swapoff -a` 将暂时禁用交换分区。要使此更改在重启后保持不变，请确保在如
* 交换分区的配置。kubelet 的默认行为是在节点上检测到交换内存时无法启动。
kubelet 自 v1.22 起已开始支持交换分区。自 v1.28 起，仅针对 cgroup v2 支持交换分区；
kubelet 的 NodeSwap 特性门控处于 Beta 阶段，但默认被禁用。
* 如果 kubelet 未被正确配置使用交换分区，则你**必须**禁用交换分区。
例如，`sudo swapoff -a` 将暂时禁用交换分区。要使此更改在重启后保持不变，请确保在如
`/etc/fstab`、`systemd.swap` 等配置文件中禁用交换分区，具体取决于你的系统如何配置。

<!-- steps -->

{{< note >}}
<!--
The `kubeadm` installation is done via binaries that use dynamic linking and assumes that your target system provides `glibc`.
This is a reasonable assumption on many Linux distributions (including Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, etc.)
but it is not always the case with custom and lightweight distributions which don't include `glibc` by default, such as Alpine Linux.
The expectation is that the distribution either includes `glibc` or a [compatibility layer](https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Running_glibc_programs)
that provides the expected symbols.
-->
`kubeadm` 的安装是通过使用动态链接的二进制文件完成的，安装时假设你的目标系统提供 `glibc`。
这个假设在许多 Linux 发行版（包括 Debian、Ubuntu、Fedora、CentOS 等）上是合理的，
但对于不包含默认 `glibc` 的自定义和轻量级发行版（如 Alpine Linux），情况并非总是如此。
预期的情况是，发行版要么包含 `glibc`，
要么提供了一个[兼容层](https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Running_glibc_programs)以提供所需的符号。
{{< /note >}}

<!--
## Verify the MAC address and product_uuid are unique for every node {#verify-mac-address}
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -214,7 +236,7 @@ You will install these packages on all of your machines:
* `kubeadm`: the command to bootstrap the cluster.
* `kubelet`: the component that runs on all of the machines in your cluster
and does things like starting pods and containers.
and does things like starting pods and containers.
* `kubectl`: the command line util to talk to your cluster.
-->
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -271,49 +293,25 @@ For more information on version skews, see:

{{< note >}}
<!--
Kubernetes has two different package repositories starting from August 2023.
The Google-hosted repository is deprecated and it's being replaced with the
Kubernetes (community-owned) package repositories. The Kubernetes project strongly
recommends using the Kubernetes community-owned package repositories, because the
project plans to stop publishing packages to the Google-hosted repository in the future.
-->
自2023年8月起，Kubernetes 有两个不同的软件包仓库。
Google 托管的仓库已被弃用，并正在被 Kubernetes（由社区拥有）软件包仓库替代。
Kubernetes 项目强烈建议使用 Kubernetes 社区拥有的软件包仓库，
因为该项目计划将来停止向 Google 托管的仓库发布软件包。


<!--
There are some important considerations for the Kubernetes package repositories:
Kubernetes has [new package repositories hosted at `pkgs.k8s.io`](/blog/2023/08/15/pkgs-k8s-io-introduction/)
starting from August 2023. The legacy package repositories (`apt.kubernetes.io` and `yum.kubernetes.io`)
have been frozen starting from September 13, 2023. Please read our
[deprecation and freezing announcement](/blog/2023/08/31/legacy-package-repository-deprecation/)
for more details.
-->
对于 Kubernetes 软件包仓库，有一些重要的考虑事项：
<!--
- The Kubernetes package repositories contain packages beginning with those
Kubernetes versions that were still under support when the community took
over the package builds. This means that anything before v1.24.0 will only be
available in the Google-hosted repository.
- There's a dedicated package repository for each Kubernetes minor version.
When upgrading to a different minor release, you must bear in mind that
the package repository details also change.
-->
- Kubernetes 软件包仓库包含从社区接管软件包构建时仍在支持范围内的 Kubernetes 版本开始的软件包。
这意味着v1.24.0之前的版本只在 Google 托管的仓库中提供。
- 每个 Kubernetes 次要版本都有一个专用的软件包仓库。
当升级到不同的次要版本时，必须记住软件包仓库的详细信息也会发生变化。
Kubernetes 从 2023 年 8 月开始使用托管在 `pkgs.k8s.io`
上的[新软件包仓库](/zh-cn/blog/2023/08/15/pkgs-k8s-io-introduction/)。
自 2023 年 9 月 13 日起，老旧的软件包仓库（`apt.kubernetes.io` 和 `yum.kubernetes.io`）已被冻结。
更多细节参阅[弃用和冻结公告](/zh-cn/blog/2023/08/31/legacy-package-repository-deprecation/)。
{{< /note >}}

{{< tabs name="k8s_install" >}}
{{% tab name="基于 Debian 的发行版" %}}

<!--
### Kubernetes package repositories {#dpkg-k8s-package-repo}
-->
### Kubernetes 软件包仓库 {#dpkg-k8s-package-repo}

<!--
These instructions are for Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.
-->
这些说明适用于 Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.
以下指令适用于 Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.

<!--
1. Update the `apt` package index and install packages needed to use the Kubernetes `apt` repository:
Expand All @@ -327,7 +325,8 @@ These instructions are for Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.
```

<!--
2. Download the public signing key for the Kubernetes package repositories. The same signing key is used for all repositories so you can disregard the version in the URL:
2. Download the public signing key for the Kubernetes package repositories.
The same signing key is used for all repositories so you can disregard the version in the URL:
-->
2. 下载用于 Kubernetes 软件包仓库的公共签名密钥。所有仓库都使用相同的签名密钥，因此你可以忽略URL中的版本：

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -356,66 +355,6 @@ These instructions are for Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.
sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl
```

{{< note >}}
<!--
In releases older than Debian 12 and Ubuntu 22.04, `/etc/apt/keyrings` does not exist by default.
You can create this directory if you need to, making it world-readable but writeable only by admins.
-->
在低于 Debian 12 和 Ubuntu 22.04 的发行版本中，`/etc/apt/keyrings` 默认不存在。
如有需要，你可以创建此目录，并将其设置为对所有人可读，但仅对管理员可写。
{{< /note >}}

<!--
### Google-hosted package repository (deprecated) {#dpkg-google-package-repo}
-->
### Google 托管的软件包仓库（已弃用） {#dpkg-google-package-repo}

<!--
These instructions are for Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.
-->
这些说明适用于 Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.

<!--
1. Update the `apt` package index and install packages needed to use the Kubernetes `apt` repository:
-->
1. 更新 `apt` 软件包索引并安装使用 Kubernetes `apt` 仓库所需的软件包:

```shell
sudo apt-get update
# apt-transport-https 可能是一个虚拟包（dummy package）；如果是的话，你可以跳过安装这个包
sudo apt-get install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl
```

<!--
2. Download the Google Cloud public signing key:
-->
2. 下载 Google Cloud 公共签名密钥:

```shell
curl -fsSL https://dl.k8s.io/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-archive-keyring.gpg
```

<!--
Add the Google-hosted `apt` repository:
-->
3. 添加 Google 托管的 `apt` 仓库:

```shell
# 此操作会覆盖 /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list 中现存的所有配置
echo "deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-archive-keyring.gpg] https://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
```

<!--
4. Update the `apt` package index, install kubelet, kubeadm and kubectl, and pin their version:
-->
4. 更新 `apt` 软件包索引，安装 kubelet、kubeadm 和 kubectl，并锁定它们的版本:

```shell
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl
sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl
```

{{< note >}}
<!--
In releases older than Debian 12 and Ubuntu 22.04, `/etc/apt/keyrings` does not exist by default;
Expand All @@ -431,9 +370,19 @@ you can create it by running `sudo mkdir -m 755 /etc/apt/keyrings`

<!--
1. Set SELinux to `permissive` mode:
These instructions are for Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.
```shell
# Set SELinux in permissive mode (effectively disabling it)
sudo setenforce 0
sudo sed -i 's/^SELINUX=enforcing$/SELINUX=permissive/' /etc/selinux/config
```
-->
1. 将 SELinux 设置为 `permissive` 模式:

以下指令适用于 Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}。

```shell
# 将 SELinux 设置为 permissive 模式（相当于将其禁用）
sudo setenforce 0
Expand All @@ -455,16 +404,6 @@ you can create it by running `sudo mkdir -m 755 /etc/apt/keyrings`
- 如果你知道如何配置 SELinux 则可以将其保持启用状态，但可能需要设定部分 kubeadm 不支持的配置。
{{< /caution >}}

<!--
### Kubernetes package repositories {#rpm-k8s-package-repo}
-->
### Kubernetes 软件包仓库 {#rpm-k8s-package-repo}

<!--
These instructions are for Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.
-->
这些说明适用于 Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.

<!--
2. Add the Kubernetes `yum` repository. The `exclude` parameter in the
repository definition ensures that the packages related to Kubernetes are
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -498,61 +437,6 @@ These instructions are for Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.
sudo systemctl enable --now kubelet
```
<!--
### Google-hosted package repository (deprecated) {#rpm-google-package-repo}
-->
### Google 托管的软件包仓库（已弃用） {#rpm-google-package-repo}
<!--
These instructions are for Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.
-->
这些说明适用于 Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}.
<!--
2. Add the Kubernetes `yum` repository. The `exclude` parameter in the
repository definition ensures that the packages related to Kubernetes are
not upgraded upon running `yum update` as there's a special procedure that
must be followed for upgrading Kubernetes.
-->
2. 添加 Google 托管的 `yum` 仓库。
仓库定义中的 `exclude` 参数确保了与 Kubernetes 相关的软件包在运行
`yum update` 时不会升级，因为升级 Kubernetes 需要遵循特定的过程。"
```shell
# 此操作会覆盖 /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo 中现存的所有配置
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-\$basearch
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
exclude=kubelet kubeadm kubectl
EOF
```
<!--
3. Install kubelet, kubeadm and kubectl, and enable kubelet to ensure it's automatically started on startup:
-->
3. 安装 kubelet、kubeadm 和 kubectl，并启用 kubelet 以确保它在启动时自动启动:
```shell
sudo yum install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl --disableexcludes=kubernetes
sudo systemctl enable --now kubelet
```
{{< note >}}
<!--
If the `baseurl` fails because your RPM-based distribution cannot interpret `$basearch`, replace `\$basearch` with your computer's architecture.
Type `uname -m` to see that value.
For example, the `baseurl` URL for `x86_64` could be: `https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64`.
-->
如果 `baseurl` 因为你的基于 RPM 的 Linux 发行版无法解释 `$basearch` 而失败，
你需要将 `\$basearch` 替换为你的计算机的体系结构。
输入 `uname -m` 命令来查看该值。
例如，对于 `x86_64` 架构，`baseurl` URL 可能是：`https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64`。
{{< /note >}}
{{% /tab %}}
{{% tab name="无包管理器的情况" %}}
<!--
Expand All @@ -569,9 +453,9 @@ curl -L "https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/${CNI_
```
<!--
Define the directory to download command files
Define the directory to download command files:
-->
定义要下载命令文件的目录。
定义要下载命令文件的目录：
{{< note >}}
<!--
Expand All @@ -588,9 +472,9 @@ sudo mkdir -p "$DOWNLOAD_DIR"
```
<!--
Install crictl (required for kubeadm / Kubelet Container Runtime Interface (CRI))
Install crictl (required for kubeadm / Kubelet Container Runtime Interface (CRI)):
-->
安装 crictl（kubeadm/kubelet 容器运行时接口（CRI）所需）
安装 crictl（kubeadm/kubelet 容器运行时接口（CRI）所需）：
```bash
CRICTL_VERSION="v1.28.0"
Expand All @@ -616,6 +500,14 @@ sudo mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d
curl -sSL "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/release/${RELEASE_VERSION}/cmd/kubepkg/templates/latest/deb/kubeadm/10-kubeadm.conf" | sed "s:/usr/bin:${DOWNLOAD_DIR}:g" | sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf
```
{{< note >}}
<!--
Please refer to the note in the [Before you begin](#before-you-begin) section for Linux distributions
that do not include `glibc` by default.
-->
对于默认不包括 `glibc` 的 Linux 发行版，请参阅[开始之前](#before-you-begin)一节的注释。
{{< /note >}}
<!--
Install `kubectl` by following the instructions on [Install Tools page](/docs/tasks/tools/#kubectl).
Enable and start `kubelet`:
Expand All @@ -631,7 +523,8 @@ systemctl enable --now kubelet
<!--
The Flatcar Container Linux distribution mounts the `/usr` directory as a read-only filesystem.
Before bootstrapping your cluster, you need to take additional steps to configure a writable directory.
See the [Kubeadm Troubleshooting guide](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/troubleshooting-kubeadm/#usr-mounted-read-only/) to learn how to set up a writable directory.
See the [Kubeadm Troubleshooting guide](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/troubleshooting-kubeadm/#usr-mounted-read-only/)
to learn how to set up a writable directory.
-->
Flatcar Container Linux 发行版会将 `/usr/` 目录挂载为一个只读文件系统。
在启动引导你的集群之前，你需要执行一些额外的操作来配置一个可写入的目录。
Expand All @@ -652,13 +545,13 @@ kubelet 现在每隔几秒就会重启，因为它陷入了一个等待 kubeadm
## Configuring a cgroup driver
Both the container runtime and the kubelet have a property called
["cgroup driver"](/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/), which is important
["cgroup driver"](/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/#cgroup-drivers), which is important
for the management of cgroups on Linux machines.
-->
## 配置 cgroup 驱动程序 {#configuring-a-cgroup-driver}
容器运行时和 kubelet 都具有名字为
["cgroup driver"](/zh-cn/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/)
["cgroup driver"](/zh-cn/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/#cgroup-drivers)
的属性，该属性对于在 Linux 机器上管理 CGroups 而言非常重要。
{{< warning >}}
Expand All @@ -676,7 +569,8 @@ See [Configuring a cgroup driver](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/configu
<!--
## Troubleshooting
If you are running into difficulties with kubeadm, please consult our [troubleshooting docs](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/troubleshooting-kubeadm/).
If you are running into difficulties with kubeadm, please consult our
[troubleshooting docs](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/troubleshooting-kubeadm/).
-->
## 故障排查 {#troubleshooting}
Expand Down

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