feat(workflows): use built images in Github workflows

[CarterFendley]

Description of your changes:

This PR is an MVP which gets the images built and deployments patched to use those images. The PR is intended to be iterated on with more formalization / improvement in the future while also getting testing working in the meantime. This addition is related to #11239, but also makes changes related to apiserver, persistenceagent, and scheduledworkflow images, more discussion will be added to that issue.

The PR primarily modifies the scripts in scripts/deploy/github/ which are used by the GitHub action here. The kubectl patch command is used to patch deployment images, and kubectl set env to modify environment variables.

Other changes

Some minor changes were made to the wait_for_pods.py tooling, to display more information in cases where there are errors. See the screenshot below of a case in which this helped me while working on this PR :P

Checklist:

• You have signed off your commits
• The title for your pull request (PR) should follow our title convention. Learn more about the pull request title convention used in this repository.

Other comments

Since we are building more images, this does slow down the workflows a bit (~17min -> ~22min), will try to think if we can speed that up a little because 22 minute waits are painful.

[google-oss-prow]

Hi @CarterFendley. Thanks for your PR.

I'm waiting for a kubeflow member to verify that this patch is reasonable to test. If it is, they should reply with /ok-to-test on its own line. Until that is done, I will not automatically test new commits in this PR, but the usual testing commands by org members will still work. Regular contributors should join the org to skip this step.

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[gmfrasca]

minor nitpick: update commit messages to use Conventional commits syntax

[hbelmiro]

Many thanks for working on this @CarterFendley.
You just forgot to sign off one commit and I left a nit comment about a typo.

/ok-to-test

[hbelmiro]

/lgtm

[google-oss-prow]

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