ADS-B Flight Tracker running on balena with support for FlightAware, Flightradar24, Plane Finder, OpenSky Network, AirNav RadarBox, ADSB Exchange, Wingbits, adsb.fi, ADSB.lol, ADS-B One, airplanes.live, Planespotters.net, TheAirTraffic, AvDelphi, HP Radar, RadarPlane and Fly Italy ADSB.

Contribute to the flight tracking community! Feed your local ADS-B data from an RTL-SDR USB dongle (or various other radio types) and a supported device (see below) running balenaOS to the tracking services FlightAware, Flightradar24, Plane Finder, OpenSky Network, AirNav RadarBox, ADSB Exchange, Wingbits, adsb.fi, ADSB.lol, ADS-B One airplanes.live, Planespotters.net, TheAirTraffic, AvDelphi, HP Radar, RadarPlane and Fly Italy ADSB. In return, you can receive complimentary premium accounts (or cryptocurrency tokens) worth several hundred dollars annually!

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Supported devices

	Device
	Intel NUC
	Nvidia Jetson Nano SD-CARD
	Orange Pi Zero
	Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+
	Raspberry Pi 3 (using 64bit OS)
	Raspberry Pi 4 (using 64bit OS)
	Raspberry Pi 400
	Raspberry Pi 5

Please let us know if you are successfully running balena-ads-b on a hardware platform not listed here!

Supported radios

This software defaults to using an RTL-SDR radio device. However, it is also compatible with Mode-S Beast, bladeRF, HackRF, LimeSDR, and SoapySDR. Below, you can find more information on configuring these device types in the Using different radio device types section.

Credits

The balena-ads-b project was created by Ketil Moland Olsen. It is now maintained as a team effort by Ketil, Aaron Shaw (shawaj), and Teko012.

The project was inspired by and has borrowed code from the following repos and forum threads:

• https://github.com/compujuckel/adsb-docker
• https://bitbucket.org/inodes/resin-docker-rtlsdr
• https://github.com/wercsy/balena-ads-b
• https://github.com/mikenye/
• https://discussions.flightaware.com/
• https://github.com/marcelstoer/docker-adsbexchange

Thanks to compujuckel, Glenn Stewart, wercsy, mikenye, abcd567a and marcelstoer for sharing!

Thanks to garethhowell for implementing the initial ADSB Exchange support and to wiedehopf for improving it.

Thanks to rmorillo24 for verifying balenaFin compatibility, to adaptive for confirming Raspberry Pi 400 compatibility, and to eagleDiego for confirming Orange Pi Zero compability.

Thanks to schubydoo for assistance in keeping the repository up to date.

Thanks to Teko012 for modernising the repo, keeping it up to date, and suggesting several improvements.

Thanks to schubydoo, JPGMC, and alanb128 for beta testing the UAT support.

And thanks to Aaron Shaw (shawaj) for implementing Wingbits and Mode-S Beast support, fixing bugs, and improving the code.

You are all stars! 🤩

Software packages downloaded, installed, and configured by the balena-ads-b script are disclosed in CREDITS.md.

Contributors

Table of Contents

• Part 1 – Build the receiver
• Part 2 – Setup balena and configure the device
• Part 3 – Configure FlightAware
  • Alternative A: Port an existing FlightAware receiver
  • Alternative B: Setup a new FlightAware receiver
• Part 4 – Configure Flightradar24
  • Alternative A: Port an existing Flightradar24 receiver
  • Alternative B: Setup a new Flightradar24 receiver
• Part 5 – Configure Plane Finder
  • Alternative A: Port an existing Plane Finder receiver
  • Alternative B: Setup a new Plane Finder receiver
• Part 6 – Configure OpenSky Network
  • Alternative A: Port an existing OpenSky Network receiver
  • Alternative B: Setup a new OpenSky Network receiver
• Part 7 – Configure RadarBox
  • Alternative A: Port an existing RadarBox receiver
  • Alternative B: Setup a new RadarBox receiver
• Part 8 – Configure ADSB Exchange and clones
  • Enable ADSB Exchange
  • Enable ADSB Exchange Clones
• Part 9 – Configure Wingbits
  • Alternative A: Port an existing Wingbits receiver
  • Alternative B: Setup a new Wingbits receiver
• Part 10 – Configure UAT (Optional and US only)
• Part 11 – Add a digital display (Optional)
• Part 12 – Exploring flight traffic locally on your device
• Part 13 – Advanced configuration
  • Disabling specific services
  • Adaptive gain configuration
  • Setting dump1090 antenna gain
• Part 14 – Updating to the latest version

Part 1 – Build the receiver

We'll build the receiver using the parts that are outlined on the Flightradar24, FlightAware, and RadarBox websites:

• https://www.flightradar24.com/build-your-own
• https://flightaware.com/adsb/piaware/build
• https://www.radarbox.com/raspberry-pi

These sites suggest the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ as the preferred device. Still, this project runs on all the devices mentioned above. Suppose you are buying a new appliance specifically for this project. In that case, we suggest the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B with as much memory as possible. It's excellent value for money.

In addition to the device, you will need an RTL-SDR-compatible USB dongle. The dongles are based on a digital television tuner, and numerous types will work – both generic TV sticks and specialized ADS-B sticks (produced by FlightAware). Although both options work, the ADS-B sticks seem to perform a little better.

If you live in the US, and want to track UAT traffic in addition to ADS-B traffic, you can use two dongles in parallell. Please note that the blue FlightAware USB devices should only be used for ADS-B traffic, as they have an integrated filter optimized explicitly for the 1090 MHz frequencies. The orange FlightAware USB devices work well for tracking UAT traffic. See Part 10 – Configure UAT (Optional and US only) for more details.

Part 2 – Setup balena and configure the device

or

1. Create a free balena account. You will be asked to upload your public SSH key during the process. If you don't have a public SSH key yet, you can create one.
2. Sign in to balena and head to the Fleets panel.
3. Create a fleet with the name of your choice for your device type. Please take note of the fleet name. You will need it later. In the dialog that appears, pick a Default Device Type that matches your device. Specify the SSID and password if you want to use WiFi (and your device supports it). (If your device comes up without an active connection to the Internet, the wifi-connect container will create a network with a captive portal to connect to a local WiFi network. The SSID for the created hotspot is balenaWiFi, and the password isbalenaWiFi. When connected, visit http://192.168.42.1:8181/ in your web browser to set up the connection.
4. balena will create an SD card image for you, which will start downloading automatically after a few seconds. Flash the image to an SD card using balena's dedicated tool balenaEtcher.
5. Insert the SD card in your receiver, and connect it to your cabled network (unless you plan to use WiFi only and configured that in step 3).
6. Power up the receiver.
7. From the balena dashboard, navigate to the fleet you created. A new device with an automatically generated name should appear within a few minutes. Click on it to open it.
8. Rename your device to your taste by clicking on the pencil icon next to the current device name.
9. Next, we'll configure the receiver with its geographic location. Unless you know this by heart, you can use Google Maps to find it. The corresponding coordinates should appear when you click on your desired location on the map. We are looking for the decimal coordinates, which should look like 60.395429, 5.325127.
10. Back in the balena console, verify that you have opened the view for your desired device. Click on the Device Variables-button. Add the following two variables: LAT (Receiver Latitude), e.g. with a value such as 60.12345 and LON (Receiver Longitude), e.g. with a value such as 4.12345.
11. Now, you're going to enter the receiver's altitude in meters above sea level in a new variable named ALT. If you need to find the altitude, you can find it using one of several online services. Remember to add the approximate number of corresponding meters if your antenna is mounted above ground level.
12. Almost there! Next, we will push this code to your device through the balena cloud. We'll do that using the balena CLI. Follow the official instructions to download and install the CLI for your platform of choice.
13. Head into your terminal and log in to balena with the following command: balena login. Then follow the instructions on the screen.
14. Next, clone the balena-ads-b repository to your local computer with your Git client of choice or the standard command line tool: git clone [email protected]:ketilmo/balena-ads-b.git. If you want to make changes to the repo, you can also fork it.
15. Head into the folder of the newly cloned repo by typing cd balena-ads-b.
16. Do you remember your fleet name from earlier? Good. Now, we are ready to push the applications to balena's servers by typing balena push YOUR–FLEET–NAME–HERE.
17. Now, wait while the Docker containers build on balena's servers. If the process is successful, you will see a beautiful piece of ASCII art depicting a unicorn right in your terminal window:

			    \
			     \
			      \\
			       \\
			        >\/7
			    _.-(6'  \
			   (=___._/` \
			        )  \ |
			       /   / |
			      /    > /
			     j    < _\
			 _.-' :      ``.
			 \ r=._\        `.
			<`\\_  \         .`-.
			 \ r-7  `-. ._  ' .  `\
			  \`,      `-.`7  7)   )
			   \/         \|  \'  / `-._
			              ||    .'
			               \\  (
			                >\  >
			            ,.-' >.'
			           <.'_.''
			             <'

18. Wait a few moments while the Docker containers are deployed and installed on your device. The groundwork is now done – good job!

Part 3 – Configure FlightAware

Alternative A: Port an existing FlightAware receiver

If you have previously set up a standalone FlightAware receiver and want to port it to balena, you only have to do the following steps:

1. Head to your device's page in the balena dashboard and click on the Device Variables-button. Add the following variable: FLIGHTAWARE_FEEDER_ID, then paste your Unique Identifier key, e.g. 134cdg7d-7533-5gd4-d31d-r31r52g63v12. The ID can be found on the FlightAware website's My ADS-B section.
2. From the balena dashboard, restart the piaware service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service name.

Alternative B: Setup a new FlightAware receiver

If you have not previously set up a FlightAware receiver that you want to reuse, do the following steps:

1. Head back to your device's Summary page. Inside the Terminal section, click Select a target, then piaware, and finally Start terminal session. This will open a terminal which lets you interact directly with your PiAware container.
2. Once the terminal prompt appears, enter /getid.sh (including the leading slash), then press return.
3. If everything goes according to plan, your FlightAware feeder id will soon appear. Copy it.
4. Click on the Device Variables-button in the left-hand menu. Add a variable named FLIGHTAWARE_FEEDER_ID and paste the value from the previous step, e.g. 134cdg7d-7533-5gd4-d31d-r31r52g63v12.
5. Go back to your device's Summary page. Restart the piaware service under Services by clicking the “cycle” icon next to the service name.
6. Register a new account at FlightAware, then log in using your newly created credentials.
7. Important: While being connected to the same network (either cabled or wireless) as your receiver is connected to, head to FlightAware's Claim Receiver page. (If this doesn't work, you can try using this link: https://flightaware.com/adsb/piaware/claim/98395c99-xxxxxxxxx16e. Replace the part after "claim" with your FLIGHTAWARE_FEEDER_ID.)
8. Check if any receivers appear under the Linked PiAware Receivers heading. (If not, wait a few minutes and click the Check Again for my PiAware-button.) Hopefully, your receiver is now visible under the Linked PiAware Receivers header.
9. In the left-hand-side menu on the top of the page, click the My ADBS-B menu item. Your device should be listed in an orange rectangle. Next, click the cogwheel icon on the right-hand side of the screen.
10. Click the Configure Location-button, and verify that the location matches the coordinates you entered earlier. If not, correct them.
11. Click the Configure Height-button, and specify the altitude of your receiver. The value should match the number you entered in the ALT variable in part 1.
12. If you don't face any bandwidth constraints, enable multilateration (MLAT). Enabling MLAT lets your receiver connect to other nearby receivers to multilaterate the aircraft's positions that do not report their position through ADS-B. This option increases bandwidth usage but gives more visible aircraft positions in return.
13. Specify the other settings in the FlightAware lightbox according to your preferences. Close the lightbox.
14. Finally, verify that FlightAware is receiving data from your receiver. You'll find your receiver's dashboard by clicking on the My ADS-B top menu item at flightaware.com.

Part 4 – Configure Flightradar24

Alternative A: Port an existing Flightradar24 receiver

If you have previously set up a Flightradar24 receiver and want to port it to balena, you only have to do the following steps:

1. Head back to the balena dashboard and your device's page. Click on the Device Variables-button. Add a variable named FR24_KEY and paste the value of your existing Flightradar24 key, e.g. dv4rrt2g122g7233. The key is located in the Flightradar24 config file, usually found here: /etc/fr24feed.ini. (If you cannot locate your old key, retrieve or create a new one by following the steps in alternative B.)
2. Restart the fr24feed service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service name.

Alternative B: Setup a new Flightradar24 receiver

If you have not previously set up a Flightradar24 receiver that you want to reuse, do the following steps:

1. Head back to your device's page on the balena dashboard.
2. Inside the Terminal section, click Select a target, then fr24feed, and finally Start terminal session.
3. This will open a terminal which lets you interact directly with your Flightradar24 container.
4. At the prompt, enter fr24feed --signup.
5. When asked, enter your email address.
6. You will be asked if you have a Flightradar24 sharing key. Unless you have one from the past that you would like to reuse, press return here.
7. If you want to activate multilateration, type yes at the next prompt. If you have restricted bandwidth, consider leaving it off by typing no.
8. Enter the receiver's latitude. This should be the same value you entered in the LAT variable in part 1.
9. Enter the receiver's longitude. This should be the same value you entered in the LON variable in part 1.
10. Finally, enter the receiver's altitude in feet. You can calculate this by multiplying the value you entered in the ALT variable in part 1 by 3.28.
11. Now, a summary of your settings will be displayed. If you are happy with the result, type yes to continue.
12. Under receiver type, choose 4 for ModeS Beast.
13. Under connection type, choose 1 for network connection.
14. When asked for your receiver's IP address/hostname, enter dump1090-fa.
15. Next, enter the data port number: 30005.
16. Type no to disable the RAW data feed on port 30334.
17. Type no to disable the BaseStation data feed on port 30003.
18. Enter 0 to disable log file writing.
19. When asked for a log file path, just hit return.
20. The configuration will now be submitted, and you will be redirected back to the terminal.
21. At the prompt, type cat /etc/fr24feed.ini. Your Flightradar24 settings will be displayed.
22. Find the line starting with fr24key=, and copy the string between the quotes. It will look something like this: dv4rrt2g122g7233.
23. Click on the Device Variables-button in the left-hand menu. Add a variable named FR24_KEY and paste the value from the previous step, e.g. dv4rrt2g122g7233.
24. Restart the fr24feed service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service name.
25. Head over to Flightradar24's website and create a new Basic account, using the exact same email address that you filled in in step 5.
26. Shortly after your receiver starts feeding data to Flightradar24, your Basic account will be upgraded to their Business plan. Enjoy!

Part 5 – Configure Plane Finder

Alternative A: Port an existing Plane Finder receiver

If you have previously set up a Plane Finder receiver and want to port it to balena, you only have to do the following steps:

1. Head back to the balena dashboard and your device's page. Click on the Device Variables-button. Add a variable named PLANEFINDER_SHARECODE and paste the value of your existing Plane Finder key, e.g. 7e3q8n45wq369. You can find your key at Plane Finder's Your Receivers page.
2. On your device's page in the balena dashboard, restart the planefinder service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service name.

Alternative B: Setup a new Plane Finder receiver

If you have not previously set up a Plane Finder receiver that you want to reuse, do the following steps:

1. Register a new Plane Finder account or log into your existing account.
2. Inside the Terminal section, click Select a target, then planefinder, and finally Start terminal session.
3. This will open a terminal which lets you interact directly with your Plane Finder container.
4. Once the terminal prompt appears, enter pfclient, then press return.
5. If everything goes according to plan, you will see some output log messages in the terminal section.
6. Scroll to the top of the page and look for the Local IP Address of your device - it should look something like 192.168.2.35 - if there is more than one IP address, any of them should work. Click the button next to the IP address to copy it to the clipboard.
7. Open a browser window, paste in the IP address and then press return. This should load the Plane Finder sharecode generator page.
8. Fill in the form to generate a Plane Finder share code. Use the same email address you used when registering for the Plane Finder account. For Receiver Lat, use the value from the LAT variable in part 2. For Receiver Lon, use the value from the LON variable. Lastly, click the Create new sharecode button. A sharecode should appear in a few seconds. It should look similar to 6g34asr1gvvx7. Copy it to your clipboard. Disregard the rest of the form – you don't have to fill this out.
9. Open Plane Finder's Your Receivers page. Under the Add a Receiver heading, locate the Share Code input field. Paste the sharecode from the previous step, then click the Add Receiver-button.
10. Head back to the Balena dashboard and your device's page. Click on the Device Variables-button. Add a variable named PLANEFINDER_SHARECODE and paste the value of the Plane Finder key you just created, e.g. 7e3q8n45wq369.
11. On your device's page in the Balena dashboard, restart the planefinder service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service name.

Part 6 – Configure OpenSky Network

Alternative A: Port an existing OpenSky Network receiver

If you have previously set up an OpenSky Network receiver and want to port it to balena, you only have to do the following steps:

1. Head back to the balena dashboard and your device's page. Click on the Device Variables-button – Vx.
2. Add a variable named OPENSKY_USERNAME and paste your OpenSky Network username, e.g. JohnDoe123. You can find your username on your OpenSky Network Dashboard page.
3. Add a variable named OPENSKY_SERIAL and paste the value of your existing OpenSky Network serial number, e.g. 1663421823. You can find your serial on your OpenSky Network Dashboard page.
4. On your device's page in the balena dashboard, restart the opensky-network service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service name.

Alternative B: Setup a new OpenSky Network receiver

If you have not previously set up an OpenSky Network receiver that you want to reuse, do the following steps:

1. Register a new OpenSky Network account. Make sure to activate it using the email that's sent to you. Please take note of your username. You will need it soon.
2. Head back to your device's page on the balena dashboard. Click on the Device Variables-button in the left-hand menu. Add a variable named OPENSKY_USERNAME and populate it with your newly created OpenSky Username, e.g. JohnDoe123.
3. Head back to your device's Summary page. Restart the opensky-network service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service name. Wait for the service to finish restarting.
4. Inside the Terminal section, click Select a target, then opensky-network, and finally Start terminal session.
5. This will open a terminal which lets you interact directly with your OpenSky Network container.
6. Once the terminal prompt appears, enter /getserial.sh (including the leading slash), then press return.
7. If everything goes according to plan, your OpenSky Network serial number will soon appear. Copy it.
8. Click on the Device Variables-button in the left-hand menu. Add a variable named OPENSKY_SERIAL and paste the value from the previous step, e.g. 1267385439.
9. Go back to your device's Summary page. Restart the opensky-network service under Services by clicking the “cycle” icon next to the service name.
10. Head over to your OpenSky Network Dashboard and verify that your receiver shows up and feeds data.

Part 7 – Configure RadarBox

Alternative A: Port an existing RadarBox receiver

If you have previously set up a RadarBox receiver and want to port it to Balena, you only have to do the following steps:

1. Head back to the Balena dashboard and your device's page. Click on the Device Variables-button. Add a variable named RADARBOX_KEY and paste the value of your existing RadarBox key, e.g. 546b69e69b4671a742b82b10c674cdc1. To get your key, issue the following command at your current RadarBox device: sudo rbfeeder --showkey --no-start.
2. Restart the radarbox service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service name.

Alternative B: Setup a new RadarBox receiver

If you have not previously set up a RadarBox receiver that you want to reuse, do the following steps:

1. Register a new RadarBox account. Make sure to activate it using the email that's sent to you.
2. Head back to your device's page on the balena dashboard.
3. Inside the Terminal section, click Select a target, then radarbox, and finally Start terminal session.
4. This will open a terminal which lets you interact directly with your RadarBox container.
5. At the prompt, enter /showkey.sh. Your RadarBox key will be displayed and look similar to this: 546b69e69b4671a742b82b10c674cdc1.
6. Click on the Device Variables-button in the left-hand menu. Add a variable named RADARBOX_KEY and paste the value from step 5, e.g. 546b69e69b4671a742b82b10c674cdc1.
7. Restart the radarbox service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service name.
8. Head to RadarBox's Claim Your Raspberry Pi page. Locate the input field named Sharing Key, and paste the value from step 5, e.g. 546b69e69b4671a742b82b10c674cdc1.
9. You might be asked to enter your feeder's location and altitude above the ground. Enter the same values you entered earlier in the LAT and LON variables. When asked for the antenna's altitude, specify it in meters (or feet) above the ground – NOT above sea level, as done previously. If you are not asked to enter this information, you can do it manually by clicking the Edit link under your receiver's ID on the left-hand side of the screen.
10. Finally, verify that RadarBox is receiving data from your receiver. You'll find your receiver by clicking on the Account menu at radarbox.com under the Stations accordion.

Part 8 – Configure ADSB Exchange and clones

Enable ADSB Exchange

1. Head back to your device's page on the balena dashboard. Inside the Terminal section, click Select a target, then adsb-exchange, and finally Start terminal session. This will open a terminal which lets you interact directly with your ADSB Exchange container.
2. At the prompt, type /usr/local/share/adsbexchange-stats/create-uuid.sh followed by return. Your ADSB-Exchange UUID is displayed. Note it down.
3. At the same prompt, type /create-sitename.sh followed by return. Enter a friendly name for your feeder as per the instructions on the screen (e.g. your location). Hit return and note down the result.
4. Click on the Device Variables-button. Add a variable named ADSB_EXCHANGE_UUID with the value from step 2.
5. Click on the Device Variables-button. Add a variable named ADSB_EXCHANGE_SITENAME with the value from step 3.
6. Restart the adsb-exchange service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service names.
7. Next, wait a minute or two for the service to restart and head over to ADSB Exchange's Feeder Status page from a PC on the same network as the feeder. Verify that your feeder is shown as registered and that ADSB Exchange is receiving your feed and MLAT data. You can also verify your feeder's performance at the ADSB Exchange Feeder Map by searching for your site name.

Enable ADSB Exchange clones

This project supports a number of ADSB Exchange clones that arose after the sale of ADSB Exchange. Currently there is support for adsb.fi, ADSB.lol, ADS-B One, airplanes.live, Planespotters.net, TheAirTraffic, AvDelphi, HP Radar, RadarPlane and Fly Italy ADSB. If you would like any new services adding, please create a PR adding the new service or if you do not know how then please open an issue with your request.

For these services, you currently do not need any login or API credentials so there is no need to make an account with them (although some of them do offer this) and no credentials to add in balenaCloud. However, you do have to selectively enable each service (or you can enable all of them, or all but ADSB Exchange).

To enable all services, or all services apart from ADSB Exchange, you can use one of the following Device Variables:

• ADSB_EXCHANGE_ENABLE_ALL=true
• ADSB_EXCHANGE_ENABLE_ALL_BUT_ADSBX=true

Note that you can use true, enable, enabled, 1, y, yes or on for the value, and capitalisation does not matter. If you use ADSB_EXCHANGE_ENABLE_ALL this will enable ADSB Exchange and you will then need to add the ADSB_EXCHANGE_UUID and ADSB_EXCHANGE_SITENAME as described in the section above.

To enable a single service, you would need to add a Device Variable with one of the following value (or several if you want to enable multiple services):

• ADSB_EXCHANGE_ENABLE=true (you also need to add the ADSB_EXCHANGE_UUID and ADSB_EXCHANGE_SITENAME as described in the section above.
• ADSB_FI_ENABLE=true
• ADSB_LOL_ENABLE=true
• ADSB_ONE_ENABLE=true
• AIRPLANES_LIVE_ENABLE=true
• PLANESPOTTERS_ENABLE=true
• THE_AIR_TRAFFIC_ENABLE=true
• AV_DELPHI_ENABLE=true
• HPRADAR_ENABLE=true
• RADARPLANE_ENABLE=true
• FLY_ITALY_ADSB_ENABLE=true

Lastly, these services all require a UUID to be passed to identify devices in their system. If you have set an ADSB_EXCHANGE_UUID the same UUID will be used for all services. If you do not have ADSB Exchange enabled and the ADSB_EXCHANGE_UUID variable set, the system will automatically generate one for you. However, if you would like, you can also set a UUID manually using the Device Variable with name UUID and with a UUID as a value (e.g. 2ddf6698-ea34-4c39-bbce-a8c3ddaf9bbd). You can use an online UUID generator to generate one should you want to.

Part 9 – Configure Wingbits

Alternative A: Port an existing Wingbits receiver

If you have previously set up a Wingbits receiver and want to port it to Balena, you only have to do the following steps:

1. Head back to the Balena dashboard and your device's page. Click on the Device Variables-button. Add a variable named WINGBITS_DEVICE_ID and paste the value of your existing Wingbits ID, e.g. small-coral-spider. To get your ID, visit the Wingbits Dashboard, make sure you are on the Antennas tab and look in the ID column.
2. Restart the wingbits service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service name.

Alternative B: Setup a new Wingbits receiver

If you have not previously set up a Wingbits receiver that you want to reuse, do the following steps:

1. Register a new Wingbits account. Make sure to activate it using the email that's sent to you.
2. Login to your Wingbits account, navigate to the Antennas tab and then click on Register Antenna.
3. Enter your latitude and longitude in the boxes (or select your location on the map). Then scroll down and click Register. You will then be returned to the antennas page with a new entry in the list. Make sure to take note of the name in the ID column, for example small-coral-spider.
4. Head back to your device's page on the balena dashboard.
5. Click on the Device Variables-button in the left-hand menu. Add a variable named WINGBITS_DEVICE_ID and paste the value from step 4, e.g. small-coral-spider.
6. Restart the wingbits service under Services by clicking the "cycle" icon next to the service name.
7. Wait a few minutes and then head back to the Wingbits antennas tab, refresh the page and in the Status column of the table you should see the text Online with a green background. If you hover over this with your mouse you should see a tooltip text pop-up that says the last time data was receive e.g. Last message: 22/11/2023, 03:17:40.

Part 10 – Configure UAT (Optional and US only)

Please note: The following instructions involve making low-level changes to RTL-SDR USB sticks, such as changing the serial numbers. Proceed with caution, and only if you are comfortable with the steps involved. All changes made are at your own risk.

In the United States, aircraft can use either the ADS-B standard, which transmits at a frequency of 1090 MHz or the UAT protocol, which transmits at 978 MHz. If you live in the US and have an extra RTL-SDR dongle, you can track the UAT and ADS-B traffic. Please note that the blue FlightAware USB devices should only be used for ADS-B traffic, as they have an integrated filter optimized explicitly for the 1090 MHz frequencies. The orange FlightAware USB devices work well for tracking UAT traffic.

1. Make sure you only have one RTL-SDR stick connected to your device before executing the following steps. The connected stick should be used for regular ADS-B 1090 MHz feeding.
2. Head to your device's Summary page. Click on the Device Variables-button in the left-hand menu. Add a variable named DISABLED_SERVICES and populate it with the values dump1090-fa,dump978-fa.
3. From the Summary page, inside the Terminal section, click Select a target, then dump1090-fa, and finally Start terminal session. This will open a terminal that lets you interact directly with your PiAware container.
4. Once the terminal prompt appears, enter /add-serial-1090.sh, then press return.
5. Type YES, followed by return, to change your dongle's serial number. Verify that the process completes successfully.
6. Click on the Device Variables-button in the left-hand menu. Add a new variable named DUMP1090_DEVICE and set its value to 00001090.
7. Shut down your device. When it's powered off, remove the first RTL-SDR stick from the Pi.
8. Insert the second RTL-SDR stick (the one used for UAT), leaving the first stick disconnected. Power on your device.
9. Head to your device's Summary page. Wait for all containers to come up with the status Running. Inside the Terminal section, click Select a target, then dump978-fa, and finally Start terminal session.
10. Once the terminal prompt appears, enter /add-serial-978.sh, then press return.
11. Type YES, followed by return, to change your dongle's serial number. Verify that the process completes successfully.
12. Click on the Device Variables-button in the left-hand menu. Add a new variable named DUMP978_DEVICE and set its value to 00000978.
13. Shut down your device. When it's powered off, connect both RTL-SDR sticks.
14. Click on the Device Variables button in the left-hand menu. Delete the DISABLED_SERVICES variable.
15. Add a new variable named UAT_ENABLED and assign it the value true.
16. Power on the device. You should now be feeding ADS-B and UAT data simultaneously to the services that support it (FlightAware, RadarBox and ADSB-Exchange).

Part 11 – Add a digital display (Optional)

balena also produces a project that can be easily configured to display a webpage in kiosk mode on a digital display called balenaDash. By dropping that project into this one, we can automatically display a feeder page directly from the Pi. We can then set a LAUNCH_URL device variable configured to connect to http://{{YOURIP or YOURSERVICENAME}}:YOURSERVICEPORT (where the service/port is one of the frontends above, like http://planefinder:30053) and that will automatically be displayed on the attached display. The balenaDash service can be configured locally by accessing the webserver on port 8081.

Part 12 – Exploring flight traffic locally on your device

If the setup goes well, you should feed flight traffic data to several online services. You will receive access to the providers' premium services in return for your efforts. But in addition to this, you can explore the data straight from your device, raw and unedited. And that's part of the magic, right?

When you have local network access to your receiver, you can explore the data straight from the source. Start by opening your device page in the balena console and locate the IP ADDRESS field, e.g. 10.0.0.10. Then, add the desired port numbers specified further below.

Away from your local network but still eager to know what planes are cruising over your home? Here, balena's built-in Public Device URL comes in handy. Open your device page in the balena console, locate the PUBLIC DEVICE URL header, and flip the switch below to enable it. Finally, click on the arrow icon next to the button, add the desired URL postfix specified below and voila – you should see what's going on in your area.

Dump1090's Radar View This view visualizes everything that your receiver sees, including multilaterated plane positions. When you are in your local network, head to YOURIP:8080 to check it out. When remote, open balena's Public Device URL and add /skyaware/ to the tail end of the URL, e.g. https://6g31f15653bwt4y251b18c1daf4qw164.balena-devices.com/skyaware/

Plane Finder's Radar View It's similar to Dump1090, but Plane Finder adds 3D visualization and other excellent viewing options. Head to YOURIP:30053 to check it out. When remote, open balena's Public Device URL and add /planefinder/ to the tail end of the URL, e.g. https://6g31f15653bwt4y251b18c1daf4qw164.balena-devices.com/planefinder/

Flightradar24 Status Page Less visual than the two other options, Flightradar24's status page gives you high-level statistics and metrics about your feeder's performance. Head to YOURIP:8754 to check it out. When remote, open balena's Public Device URL and add /fr24feed/ to the tail end of the URL, e.g. https://6g31f15653bwt4y251b18c1daf4qw164.balena-devices.com/fr24feed/

Dump978's Radar View (Optional and US only) If you live in the US and have configuered UAT feeding, you can explore the data using this view. When you are in your local network, head to YOURIP:8978 to check it out. When remote, open balena's Public Device URL and add /skyaware978/ to the tail end of the URL, e.g. https://6g31f15653bwt4y251b18c1daf4qw164.balena-devices.com/skyaware978/. However, keep in mind that UAT traffic is scarce. It might take several days before you see any traffic, depending on where in the US you are situated.

Part 13 – Advanced configuration

Disabling specific services

You can disable any of the balena-ads-b services by creating a Device Variable named DISABLED_SERVICES with the services you want to disable as comma-separated values. For example, if you want to disable the dump1090fa service, you set the DISABLED_SERVICES variable to dump1090fa. If you want to disable the dump1090fa and piaware services, you set the DISABLED_SERVICES variable to dump1090fa, piaware.

Using different radio device types

With balena-ads-b you are able to use a variety of SDRs (software defined radios) and other devices such as the FPGA based Mode-S Beast. The default operating mode is to use an RTL-SDR over USB and no additional configuration is needed for this setup.

If you are using a Mode-S Beast, bladeRF, HackRF, LimeSDR or SoapySDR then you will need to configure this for the device to work as intended.

In order to configure the particular device type you are using, you need to create a Device Variable named RADIO_DEVICE_TYPE. The possible values are below:

• rtlsdr (this is the default and you do not need to configure this variable if you are using an RTL-SDR)
• modesbeast
• bladerf
• hackrf
• limesdr
• soapysdr

For example if you have a Mode-S Beast, you set the RADIO_DEVICE_TYPE variable to modesbeast. Remember to save the device variable settings after you have updated them. Your device should restart automatically once you configure this and the radio should now work.

Adaptive gain configuration

The dump1090-fa service can be configured to adapt the tuner gain to changing conditions automatically. You can read more about how this works at FlightAware's website.

Adaptive gain in dynamic range mode

From FlightAware's documentation: The dynamic range adaptive gain mode attempts to set the receiver gain to maintain a given dynamic range - that is, it tries to set the gain so that general noise is at or below a given level.

This mode is enabled by default. If you specify the antenna gain manually (see below), it will be deactivated. You can manually disable this mode by setting a Device Variable named DUMP1090_ADAPTIVE_DYNAMIC_RANGE with the value false.

Adaptive gain in "burst" signal mode

From FlightAware's documentation: The "burst" adaptive gain mode listens for loud bursts of signal that were not successfully decoded as ADS-B messages, but which have approximately the right timing to be possible messages that were lost due to receiver overloading. When enough overly-loud signals are heard in a short period of time, dump1090 will reduce the receiver gain to try to allow them to be received.

This mode is disabled by default. You can enable it by setting a Device Variable named DUMP1090_ADAPTIVE_BURST with the value true.

For this mode to work optimally, you should adjust loud and quiet ranges. You do this by creating two Device Variables named DUMP1090_ADAPTIVE_BURST_LOUD_RATE and DUMP1090_ADAPTIVE_BURST_QUIET_RATE, with the desired loud- and quiet targets as their values.

Limiting the gain range

From FlightAware's documentation: If you know in advance approximately what the gain setting should be, so you want to allow adaptive gain to change the gain only within a certain range, you can set minimum and maximum gain settings in dB. Adaptive gain will only adjust the gain within this range.

You can specify the target maximum and minimum gain by creating two Device Variables named DUMP1090_ADAPTIVE_MIN_GAIN and DUMP1090_ADAPTIVE_MAX_GAIN, with the desired maximum- and minimum gain as their values.

Reducing the CPU cost of adaptive gain

From FlightAware's documentation: The measurements needed to adjust gain have a CPU cost, and on slower devices it may be useful to reduce the amount of work that adaptive gain does. This can be done by adjusting the adaptive gain duty cycle. This is a percentage that controls what fraction of incoming data adaptive gain inspects. 100% means that every sample is inspected. Lower values reduce CPU use, with a tradeoff that adaptive gain has a less accurate picture of the RF environment. The default duty cycle is 50% on "fast" CPUs and 10% on "slow" CPUs (where currently "slow" means "armv6 architecture", for example the Pi Zero or Pi 1).

You can reduce the duty cycle further by creating a Device Variable named DUMP1090_SLOW_CPU, with the desired duty cycle percentage as the value (1-100).

Setting dump1090 antenna gain

By default, dump1090 will run with adaptive gain in dynamic range mode. You can override this by setting a Device Variable named DUMP1090_GAIN with a value of your liking. You can read more about manual gain optimization at the adsb-wiki.

Device reboot on service exit

dump978 and dump1090 can restart the device if it hits an error. You can enable this feature by setting a Device Variable named REBOOT_DEVICE_ON_SERVICE_EXIT with the value of true.

Automatic balenaOS host updates

Automatically keep your balenaOS host release up-to-date. To enable this service, create a Device Variables named ENABLED_SERVICES with the value of autohupr.

• HUP_CHECK_INTERVAL: Interval between checking for available updates. Default is 1d.
• HUP_TARGET_VERSION: The OS version you want balenaHUP to automatically update your device to. This is a required variable to be specified, otherwise, an update won't be performed by default. Set the variable to 'latest'/'recommended' for your device to always update to the latest OS version or set it to a specific version (e.g '2.107.10').

Part 14 – Updating to the latest version

Updating to the latest version is trivial. If you installed balena-ads-b using the blue Deploy with balena-button, you can click it again and overwrite your current application. Choose the "Deploy to existing fleet" option, then select the fleet you want to update. All settings will be preserved. For convenience, the button is right here:

If you used the manual balena push method, pull the changes from the master branch and push the update to your application with the balena CLI. For complete instructions, look at Part 2 – Setup balena and configure the device.

Enjoy!