Package	Description
PyNHD	Navigate and subset NHDPlus (MR and HR) using web services
Py3DEP	Access topographic data through National Map's 3DEP web service
PyGeoHydro	Access NWIS, NID, WQP, eHydro, NLCD, CAMELS, and SSEBop databases
PyDaymet	Access daily, monthly, and annual climate data via Daymet
PyGridMET	Access daily climate data via GridMET
PyNLDAS2	Access hourly NLDAS-2 data via web services
HydroSignatures	A collection of tools for computing hydrological signatures
AsyncRetriever	High-level API for asynchronous requests with persistent caching
PyGeoOGC	Send queries to any ArcGIS RESTful-, WMS-, and WFS-based services
PyGeoUtils	Utilities for manipulating geospatial, (Geo)JSON, and (Geo)TIFF data

AsyncRetriever: Asynchronous requests with persistent caching

Features

AsyncRetriever is a part of HyRiver software stack that is designed to aid in hydroclimate analysis through web services. This package serves as HyRiver's engine for asynchronously sending requests and retrieving responses as text, binary, or json objects. It uses persistent caching using aiohttp-client-cache to speed up the retrieval even further. Moreover, thanks to nest_asyncio you can use this package in Jupyter notebooks. Although this package is part of the HyRiver software stack, it can be used for any web calls. There are three functions that you can use to make web calls:

• retrieve_text: Get responses as text objects.
• retrieve_binary: Get responses as binary objects.
• retrieve_json: Get responses as json objects.
• stream_write: Stream responses and write them to disk in chunks.

You can also use the general-purpose retrieve function to get responses as any of the three types. All responses are returned as a list that has the same order as the input list of requests. Moreover, there is another function called delete_url_cache for removing all requests from a cache file that contains a given URL.

You can control the request/response caching behavior and verbosity of the package by setting the following environment variables:

• HYRIVER_CACHE_NAME: Path to the caching SQLite database. It defaults to ./cache/aiohttp_cache.sqlite
• HYRIVER_CACHE_EXPIRE: Expiration time for cached requests in seconds. It defaults to one week.
• HYRIVER_CACHE_DISABLE: Disable reading/writing from/to the cache. The default is false.
• HYRIVER_SSL_CERT: Path to a SSL certificate file.

For example, in your code before making any requests you can do:

import os

os.environ["HYRIVER_CACHE_NAME"] = "path/to/file.sqlite"
os.environ["HYRIVER_CACHE_EXPIRE"] = "3600"
os.environ["HYRIVER_CACHE_DISABLE"] = "true"
os.environ["HYRIVER_SSL_CERT"] = "path/to/cert.pem"

You can find some example notebooks here.

You can also try using AsyncRetriever without installing it on your system by clicking on the binder badge. A Jupyter Lab instance with the HyRiver stack pre-installed will be launched in your web browser, and you can start coding!

Moreover, requests for additional functionalities can be submitted via issue tracker.

Citation

If you use any of HyRiver packages in your research, we appreciate citations:

@article{Chegini_2021,
    author = {Chegini, Taher and Li, Hong-Yi and Leung, L. Ruby},
    doi = {10.21105/joss.03175},
    journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
    month = {10},
    number = {66},
    pages = {1--3},
    title = {{HyRiver: Hydroclimate Data Retriever}},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2021}
}

Installation

You can install async-retriever using pip:

$ pip install async-retriever

Alternatively, async-retriever can be installed from the conda-forge repository using Conda:

$ conda install -c conda-forge async-retriever

Quick start

AsyncRetriever by default creates and/or uses ./cache/aiohttp_cache.sqlite as the cache that you can customize by the cache_name argument. Also, by default, the cache doesn't have any expiration date and the delete_url_cache function should be used if you know that a database on a server was updated, and you want to retrieve the latest data. Alternatively, you can use the expire_after to set the expiration date for the cache.

As an example for retrieving a binary response, let's use the DAAC server to get NDVI. The responses can be directly passed to xarray.open_mfdataset to get the data as a xarray Dataset. We can also disable SSL certificate verification by setting ssl=False.

import io
import xarray as xr
import async_retriever as ar
from datetime import datetime

west, south, east, north = (-69.77, 45.07, -69.31, 45.45)
base_url = "https://thredds.daac.ornl.gov/thredds/ncss/ornldaac/1299"
dates_itr = ((datetime(y, 1, 1), datetime(y, 1, 31)) for y in range(2000, 2005))
urls, kwds = zip(
    *[
        (
            f"{base_url}/MCD13.A{s.year}.unaccum.nc4",
            {
                "params": {
                    "var": "NDVI",
                    "north": f"{north}",
                    "west": f"{west}",
                    "east": f"{east}",
                    "south": f"{south}",
                    "disableProjSubset": "on",
                    "horizStride": "1",
                    "time_start": s.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"),
                    "time_end": e.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"),
                    "timeStride": "1",
                    "addLatLon": "true",
                    "accept": "netcdf",
                }
            },
        )
        for s, e in dates_itr
    ]
)
resp = ar.retrieve_binary(urls, kwds, max_workers=8, ssl=False)
data = xr.open_mfdataset(io.BytesIO(r) for r in resp)

We can remove these requests and their responses from the cache like so:

ar.delete_url_cache(base_url)

For a json response example, let's get water level recordings of an NOAA's water level station, 8534720 (Atlantic City, NJ), during 2012, using CO-OPS API. Note that this CO-OPS product has a 31-day limit for a single request, so we have to break the request down accordingly.

import pandas as pd

station_id = "8534720"
start = pd.to_datetime("2012-01-01")
end = pd.to_datetime("2012-12-31")

s = start
dates = []
for e in pd.date_range(start, end, freq="m"):
    dates.append((s.date(), e.date()))
    s = e + pd.offsets.MonthBegin()

url = "https://api.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/api/prod/datagetter"

urls, kwds = zip(
    *[
        (
            url,
            {
                "params": {
                    "product": "water_level",
                    "application": "web_services",
                    "begin_date": f'{s.strftime("%Y%m%d")}',
                    "end_date": f'{e.strftime("%Y%m%d")}',
                    "datum": "MSL",
                    "station": f"{station_id}",
                    "time_zone": "GMT",
                    "units": "metric",
                    "format": "json",
                }
            },
        )
        for s, e in dates
    ]
)

resp = ar.retrieve_json(urls, kwds)
wl_list = []
for rjson in resp:
    wl = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(rjson["data"])
    wl["t"] = pd.to_datetime(wl.t)
    wl = wl.set_index(wl.t).drop(columns="t")
    wl["v"] = pd.to_numeric(wl.v, errors="coerce")
    wl_list.append(wl)
water_level = pd.concat(wl_list).sort_index()
water_level.attrs = rjson["metadata"]

Now, let's see an example without any payload or headers. Here's how we can retrieve harmonic constituents of several NOAA stations from CO-OPS:

stations = [
    "8410140",
    "8411060",
    "8413320",
    "8418150",
    "8419317",
    "8419870",
    "8443970",
    "8447386",
]

base_url = "https://api.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/mdapi/prod/webapi/stations"
urls = [f"{base_url}/{i}/harcon.json?units=metric" for i in stations]
resp = ar.retrieve_json(urls)

amp_list = []
phs_list = []
for rjson in resp:
    sid = rjson["self"].rsplit("/", 2)[1]
    const = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(rjson["HarmonicConstituents"]).set_index("name")
    amp = const.rename(columns={"amplitude": sid})[sid]
    phase = const.rename(columns={"phase_GMT": sid})[sid]
    amp_list.append(amp)
    phs_list.append(phase)

amp = pd.concat(amp_list, axis=1)
phs = pd.concat(phs_list, axis=1)

Contributing

Contributions are appreciated and very welcomed. Please read CONTRIBUTING.rst for instructions.