Add project_from_id provider-defined function

[modular-magician]

To be merged after GoogleCloudPlatform/magic-modules#10013 Edit: done!

This PR:

• adds the new project_from_id function to the providers
• adds documentation for the Registry
• adds unit tests to test reusable logic that will be used by other X_from_id functions
• adds unit tests for function calls to the project_from_id function specifically - test good vs bad input
• adds acceptance tests that demonstrate the function is usable with the provider and can be used in a single apply alongside provisioning a resource

Release Note Template for Downstream PRs (will be copied)

provider: added provider-defined function `project_from_id` for retrieving the project id from a resource's self link or id

Derived from GoogleCloudPlatform/magic-modules#10021