[NET-5619] ci: Single source of truth for Go version in CI and Dockerfile #9561

Job	Run time
Get files changed and conditionally skip CI	27s
get-go-version / Determine Go toolchain version	6s
Setup	7s
Generate Envoy Job Matrices	8s
integration-test-with-deployer	3m 50s
dev-build / build	1m 38s
nomad-integration-test (v1.6.2)	1m 11s
envoy-integration-test (1.28.0, server, case-ingress-gateway-peering-failover\|case-property-overr...	5m 48s
nomad-integration-test (v1.5.9)	45s
compatibility-integration-test	18m 57s
envoy-integration-test (1.28.0, server, case-ingress-gateway-simple\|case-cfg-resolver-defaultsubs...	6m 51s
vault-integration-test (1.15.0)	2m 57s
nomad-integration-test (v1.4.13)	1m 13s
vault-integration-test (1.14.4)	2m 49s
envoy-integration-test (1.28.0, server, case-api-gateway-tcp-simple\|case-api-gateway-tcp-conflict...	7m 7s
vault-integration-test (1.13.8)	2m 55s
envoy-integration-test (1.28.0, server, case-expose-checks\|case-multidc-rsa-ca)	2m 25s
vault-integration-test (1.12.11)	2m 33s
envoy-integration-test (1.28.0, client, case-ingress-gateway-peering-failover\|case-property-overr...	6m 18s
envoy-integration-test (1.28.0, client, case-ingress-gateway-simple\|case-cfg-resolver-defaultsubs...	6m 12s
envoy-integration-test (1.28.0, client, case-api-gateway-tcp-simple\|case-api-gateway-tcp-conflict...	7m 9s
envoy-integration-test (1.28.0, client, case-expose-checks\|case-multidc-rsa-ca)	2m 40s
test-integrations-success	1s
	1h 24m 7s

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