formatting_util_test.cc: Add a test case that uses all the bytes in f…

…ormatting buffer

With ASAN, this reproduces the issue.

    [ RUN      ] Formatting.Timestamp
    =================================================================
    ==4191383==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: stack-buffer-overflow on address 0x7fff1804c48f at pc 0x5608edffe39d bp 0x7fff1804c110 sp 0x7fff1804c108
    WRITE of size 1 at 0x7fff1804c48f thread T0
        #0 0x5608edffe39c in arrow::internal::detail::FormatOneChar(char, char**) /home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/formatting.h:132:67
        apache#1 0x5608ee035c00 in arrow::internal::detail::FormatYYYY_MM_DD(arrow_vendored::date::year_month_day, char**) /home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/formatting.h:351:5
        apache#2 0x5608ee05e8a0 in decltype(std::declval<arrow::StringAppender&>()(std::basic_string_view<char, std::char_traits<char> >{})) arrow::internal::StringFormatter<arrow::TimestampType, void>::operator()<std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000l> >, arrow::StringAppender&>(std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000l> >, long, arrow::StringAppender&) /home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/formatting.h
    :521:5
        apache#3 0x5608ee05d60f in decltype(std::declval<arrow::internal::StringFormatter<arrow::TimestampType, void>&>()(std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1l> >{}, std::declval<long&>(), std::declval<arrow::StringAppender&>())) arrow::util::VisitDuration<arrow::internal::StringFormatter<arrow::TimestampType, void>&, long&, arrow::StringAppender&>(arrow::TimeUnit::type, arrow::internal::StringFormatter<arrow::Timestam
    pType, void>&, long&, arrow::StringAppender&) /home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/time.h:60:14
        apache#4 0x5608ee05d122 in decltype(std::declval<arrow::StringAppender&>()(std::basic_string_view<char, std::char_traits<char> >{})) arrow::internal::StringFormatter<arrow::TimestampType, void>::operator()<arrow::StringAppender&>(long, arrow::StringAppender&) /home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/formatting.h:527:12
        apache#5 0x5608edfeffb3 in void arrow::AssertFormatting<arrow::internal::StringFormatter<arrow::TimestampType, void>, long>(arrow::internal::StringFormatter<arrow::TimestampType, void>&, long, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) /home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/formatting_util_test.cc:52:3
        apache#6 0x5608edfece95 in arrow::Formatting_Timestamp_Test::TestBody() /home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/formatting_util_test.cc:540:5
        apache#7 0x7fd95d7901de in void testing::internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::Test, void>(testing::Test*, void (testing::Test::*)(), char const*) (/home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/ninja/debug/libarrow_testing.so.1600+0xd901de) (BuildId: dd9af0bafdb1786050262e8f6002568a9f08ecf6)
        apache#8 0x7fd95d784905 in testing::Test::Run() (/home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/ninja/debug/libarrow_testing.so.1600+0xd84905) (BuildId: dd9af0bafdb1786050262e8f6002568a9f08ecf6)
        apache#9 0x7fd95d784a84 in testing::TestInfo::Run() (/home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/ninja/debug/libarrow_testing.so.1600+0xd84a84) (BuildId: dd9af0bafdb1786050262e8f6002568a9f08ecf6)
        apache#10 0x7fd95d785038 in testing::TestSuite::Run() (/home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/ninja/debug/libarrow_testing.so.1600+0xd85038) (BuildId: dd9af0bafdb1786050262e8f6002568a9f08ecf6)
        apache#11 0x7fd95d78573e in testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::RunAllTests() (/home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/ninja/debug/libarrow_testing.so.1600+0xd8573e) (BuildId: dd9af0bafdb1786050262e8f6002568a9f08ecf6)
        apache#12 0x7fd95d7907a6 in bool testing::internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::internal::UnitTestImpl, bool>(testing::internal::UnitTestImpl*, bool (testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::*)(), char const*) (/home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/ninja/debug/libarrow_testing.so.1600+0xd907a6) (BuildId: dd9af0bafdb1786050262e8f6002568a9f08ecf6)
        apache#13 0x7fd95d784b4b in testing::UnitTest::Run() (/home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/ninja/debug/libarrow_testing.so.1600+0xd84b4b) (BuildId: dd9af0bafdb1786050262e8f6002568a9f08ecf6)
        apache#14 0x5608ee54506d in RUN_ALL_TESTS() /usr/include/gtest/gtest.h:2490:46
        apache#15 0x5608ee544fb9 in main /home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/logging_test.cc:129:10
        apache#16 0x7fd93de29d8f in __libc_start_call_main csu/../sysdeps/nptl/libc_start_call_main.h:58:16
        apache#17 0x7fd93de29e3f in __libc_start_main csu/../csu/libc-start.c:392:3
        apache#18 0x5608ed7b4f64 in _start (/home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/ninja/debug/arrow-utility-test+0x1224f64) (BuildId: 81cfdc36b7a960a7249ecd5884beaa869140ab89)

    Address 0x7fff1804c48f is located in stack of thread T0 at offset 399 in frame
        #0 0x5608ee05dc9f in decltype(std::declval<arrow::StringAppender&>()(std::basic_string_view<char, std::char_traits<char> >{})) arrow::internal::StringFormatter<arrow::TimestampType, void>::operator()<std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000l> >, arrow::StringAppender&>(std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000l> >, long, arrow::StringAppender&) /home/felipeo/code/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/util/formatting.h
    :486

cpp/src/arrow/util/formatting_util_test.cc

@@ -533,6 +533,14 @@ TEST(Formatting, Timestamp) {
     }
   }
 
+  {
+    constexpr int64_t kMillisInDay = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+    auto ty = timestamp(TimeUnit::MILLI, "+01:00");
+    StringFormatter<TimestampType> formatter(ty.get());
+    AssertFormatting(formatter, -15000 * 365 * kMillisInDay + 1,
+                     "-13021-12-17 00:00:00.001Z");
+  }
+
   {
     auto ty = timestamp(TimeUnit::MILLI, "Pacific/Maruesas");
     StringFormatter<TimestampType> formatter(ty.get());