refactor: Improve txRaw decoder code (cosmos#9769)

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## Description

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ref: cosmos#9754 (review)

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- [ ] included the correct [type prefix](https://github.com/commitizen/conventional-commit-types/blob/v3.0.0/index.json) in the PR title
- [ ] added `!` to the type prefix if API or client breaking change
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- [ ] added a changelog entry to `CHANGELOG.md`
- [ ] included comments for [documenting Go code](https://blog.golang.org/godoc)
- [ ] updated the relevant documentation or specification
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- [ ] confirmed the correct [type prefix](https://github.com/commitizen/conventional-commit-types/blob/v3.0.0/index.json) in the PR title
- [ ] confirmed `!` in the type prefix if API or client breaking change
- [ ] confirmed all author checklist items have been addressed 
- [ ] reviewed state machine logic
- [ ] reviewed API design and naming
- [ ] reviewed documentation is accurate
- [ ] reviewed tests and test coverage
- [ ] manually tested (if applicable)

x/auth/tx/decoder.go

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 func DefaultTxDecoder(cdc codec.ProtoCodecMarshaler) sdk.TxDecoder {
 	return func(txBytes []byte) (sdk.Tx, error) {
 		// Make sure txBytes follow ADR-027.
-		err := rejectNonADR027(txBytes)
+		err := rejectNonADR027TxRaw(txBytes)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, sdkerrors.Wrap(sdkerrors.ErrTxDecode, err.Error())
 		}
@@ -90,13 +90,14 @@ func DefaultJSONTxDecoder(cdc codec.ProtoCodecMarshaler) sdk.TxDecoder {
 	}
 }
 
-// rejectNonADR027 rejects txBytes that do not follow ADR-027. This function
+// rejectNonADR027TxRaw rejects txBytes that do not follow ADR-027. This is NOT
+// a generic ADR-027 checker, it only applies decoding TxRaw. Specifically, it
 // only checks that:
 // - field numbers are in ascending order (1, 2, and potentially multiple 3s),
-// - and varints as as short as possible.
-// All other ADR-027 edge cases (e.g. TxRaw fields having default values) will
-// not happen with TxRaw.
-func rejectNonADR027(txBytes []byte) error {
+// - and varints are as short as possible.
+// All other ADR-027 edge cases (e.g. default values) are not applicable with
+// TxRaw.
+func rejectNonADR027TxRaw(txBytes []byte) error {
 	// Make sure all fields are ordered in ascending order with this variable.
 	prevTagNum := protowire.Number(0)
 
@@ -105,21 +106,25 @@ func rejectNonADR027(txBytes []byte) error {
 		if m < 0 {
 			return fmt.Errorf("invalid length; %w", protowire.ParseError(m))
 		}
+		// TxRaw only has bytes fields.
 		if wireType != protowire.BytesType {
-			return fmt.Errorf("expected %d wire type, got %d", protowire.VarintType, wireType)
+			return fmt.Errorf("expected %d wire type, got %d", protowire.BytesType, wireType)
 		}
+		// Make sure fields are ordered in ascending order.
 		if tagNum < prevTagNum {
 			return fmt.Errorf("txRaw must follow ADR-027, got tagNum %d after tagNum %d", tagNum, prevTagNum)
 		}
 		prevTagNum = tagNum
 
 		// All 3 fields of TxRaw have wireType == 2, so their next component
-		// is a varint.
-		// We make sure that the varint is as short as possible.
+		// is a varint, so we can safely call ConsumeVarint here.
+		// Byte structure: <varint of bytes length><bytes sequence>
+		// Inner  fields are verified in `DefaultTxDecoder`
 		lengthPrefix, m := protowire.ConsumeVarint(txBytes[m:])
 		if m < 0 {
 			return fmt.Errorf("invalid length; %w", protowire.ParseError(m))
 		}
+		// We make sure that this varint is as short as possible.
 		n := varintMinLength(lengthPrefix)
 		if n != m {
 			return fmt.Errorf("length prefix varint for tagNum %d is not as short as possible, read %d, only need %d", tagNum, m, n)
@@ -141,23 +146,23 @@ func rejectNonADR027(txBytes []byte) error {
 func varintMinLength(n uint64) int {
 	switch {
 	// Note: 1<<N == 2**N.
-	case n < 1<<7:
+	case n < 1<<(7):
 		return 1
-	case n < 1<<14:
+	case n < 1<<(7*2):
 		return 2
-	case n < 1<<21:
+	case n < 1<<(7*3):
 		return 3
-	case n < 1<<28:
+	case n < 1<<(7*4):
 		return 4
-	case n < 1<<35:
+	case n < 1<<(7*5):
 		return 5
-	case n < 1<<42:
+	case n < 1<<(7*6):
 		return 6
-	case n < 1<<49:
+	case n < 1<<(7*7):
 		return 7
-	case n < 1<<56:
+	case n < 1<<(7*8):
 		return 8
-	case n < 1<<63:
+	case n < 1<<(7*9):
 		return 9
 	default:
 		return 10