add TestLargeEphemeralCompilation

[MichelleArk]

resolves #8225
docs dbt-labs/docs.getdbt.com/#

Problem

We are missing a test to capture a failure case for ephemeral model cte injection, which was resolved in #8215

Solution

Convert the reproduction case created here https://github.com/jeremyyeo/ephemeral-invalid-sql-repro/tree/main/models, which was used to produce the failed run here: https://github.com/jeremyyeo/ephemeral-invalid-sql-repro/actions/runs/5667308405/job/15355782134

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me
• I have run this code in development and it appears to resolve the stated issue
• This PR includes tests, or tests are not required/relevant for this PR
• This PR has no interface changes (e.g. macros, cli, logs, json artifacts, config files, adapter interface, etc) or this PR has already received feedback and approval from Product or DX

[github-actions]

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Patch coverage has no change and project coverage change: -0.05% ⚠️

Comparison is base (5182e3c) 86.61% compared to head (4d19f4c) 86.56%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #8376      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   86.61%   86.56%   -0.05%     
==========================================
  Files         175      175              
  Lines       25595    25595              
==========================================
- Hits        22168    22156      -12     
- Misses       3427     3439      +12     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	83.35% <ø> (-0.11%)	⬇️
unit	65.12% <ø> (ø)

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see 2 files with indirect coverage changes

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[MichelleArk]

I checked out the commit (fecde23) prior to the fix: fdeccfa, but wasn't able to see this test fail.

I copied the setup from https://github.com/jeremyyeo/ephemeral-invalid-sql-repro/tree/main/models, which is what I believe was used to produce the failed run here: https://github.com/jeremyyeo/ephemeral-invalid-sql-repro/actions/runs/5667308405/job/15355782134

But to my understanding, this issue is adapter-agnostic and should be reproducible in our functional tests that use postgres.

[MichelleArk]

Seeing the error in a failure when removing the fix introduced fdeccfa

from CI logs running on ubuntu: https://github.com/dbt-labs/dbt-core/actions/runs/6165034837/job/16732021940?pr=8376

--- RunResultError
{"data": {"msg": "Database Error in test passing (tests/passing.sql)\n  syntax error at or near \"with\"\n  LINE 14: ) with my_other_cool_cte as (\n             ^\n  compiled Code at target/run/singular_tests_ephemeral/tests/passing.sql"}, "info": {"category": "", "code": "Z024", "extra": {}, "invocation_id": "d02541ec-e8e1-4dae-a7c8-de0373a37874", "level": "error", "msg": "  Database Error in test passing (tests/passing.sql)\n  syntax error at or near \"with\"\n  LINE 14: ) with my_other_cool_cte as (\n             ^\n  compiled Code at target/run/singular_tests_ephemeral/tests/passing.sql", "name": "RunResultError", "pid": 4548, "thread": "MainThread", "ts": "2023-09-12T21:31:58.135065Z"}}