MailSniper is a penetration testing tool for searching through email in a Microsoft Exchange environment for specific terms (passwords, insider intel, network architecture information, etc.). It can be used as a non-administrative user to search their own email or by an Exchange administrator to search the mailboxes of every user in a domain.
MailSniper also includes additional modules for password spraying, enumerating users and domains, gathering the Global Address List (GAL) from OWA and EWS and checking mailbox permissions for every Exchange user at an organization.
For more information about the primary MailSniper functionality check out blog post.
For more information about additional MailSniper modules check out:
Download the MailSniper Field Manual to quickly reference various MailSniper functions.
There are two main functions in MailSniper. These two functions are Invoke-GlobalMailSearch and Invoke-SelfSearch.
Invoke-GlobalMailSearch is a module that will connect to a Microsoft Exchange server and grant the "ApplicationImpersonation" role to a specified user. Having the "ApplicationImpersonation" role allows that user to search through all other domain user's mailboxes. After this role has been granted, the Invoke-GlobalMailSearch function creates a list of all mailboxes in the Exchange database. It then connects to Exchange Web Services (EWS) using the impersonation role to gather a number of emails from each mailbox and ultimately searches through them for specific terms. By default, the script searches for "*password*","*creds*","*credentials*"
To search all mailboxes in a domain:
Invoke-GlobalMailSearch -ImpersonationAccount current-username -ExchHostname Exch01 -OutputCsv global-email-search.csvThis command will connect to the Exchange server located at 'Exch01' and prompt for administrative credentials (i.e. member of "Exchange Organization Administrators" or "Organization Management" group). Once administrative credentials have been entered, a PowerShell remoting session is setup with the Exchange server where the ApplicationImpersonation role is then granted to the "current-username" user. A list of all email addresses in the domain is then gathered, followed by a connection to EWS as "current-username" where by default, 100 of the latest emails from each mailbox will be searched through for the terms "*pass*","*creds*","*credentials*" and output to a CSV file called global-email-search.csv.
Invoke-SelfSearch is a module that will connect to a Microsoft Exchange server using EWS to gather a number of emails from the current user's mailbox. It then searches through them for specific terms. This could potentially assist in privilege escalation after obtaining a user's credentials or assist in locating sensitive data as a non-admin user.
To search the current user's mailbox:
Invoke-SelfSearch -Mailbox current-user@domain.comThis command will connect to the Exchange server autodiscovered from the email address entered using EWS where by default, 100 of the latest emails from the "Mailbox" will be searched through for the terms "*pass*","*creds*","*credentials*".
Invoke-GlobalO365MailSearch same as Invoke-GlobalMailSearch, with support for single sign-on (SSO) based authentication to O365.
ImpersonationAccount - This user will be granted the ApplicationImpersonation role on the Exchange server.
ExchHostname - The hostname of the Exchange server to connect to (If $AutoDiscoverEmail is specified the server will be autodiscovered).
AutoDiscoverEmail - A valid email address that will be used to autodiscover where the Exchange server is located.
MailsPerUser - The total number of emails returned from each mailbox.
Terms - Specific search terms used to search through each email subject and body. By default, the script searches for "*password*","*creds*","*credentials*".
OutputCsv - Outputs the results of the search to a CSV file.
ExchangeVersion - Specify the version of Exchange server to connect to. By default the script tries Exchange2010.
AdminUserName - The username of an Exchange administator (i.e. member of the "Exchange Organization Administrators" or "Organization Management" group) including the domain (i.e. domain\adminusername).
AdminPassword - The password to the Exchange administator (i.e. member of the "Exchange Organization Administrators" or "Organization Management" group) account specified with AdminUserName.
EmailList - A text file listing email addresses to search (one per line).
Folder - A specific folder within each mailbox to search. By default, the script only searches the "Inbox" folder. By specifying 'all', all folders and subfolders will be searched.
Regex - Use a regular expressions when performing searches. This will override the -Terms flag.
CheckAttachments - Attempts to search through the contents of email attachements in addition to the default body and subject. These attachments can be downloaded by specifying the -DownloadDir option. Searches for the following extensions: .bat, .htm, .msg, .pdf, .txt, .ps1, .doc and .xls.
DownloadDir - Download files to a specific location.
ExchHostname - The hostname of the Exchange server to connect to (If $Mailbox is specified the server will be autodiscovered).
Mailbox - Email address of the current user the PowerShell process is running as.
MailsPerUser - Number of emails to return.
Terms - Specific search terms used to search through each email subject and body. By default, the script searches for "*password*","*creds*","*credentials*".
OutputCsv - Outputs the results of the search to a CSV file.
ExchangeVersion - Specify the version of Exchange server to connect to (default Exchange2010).
Remote - A new credential box will pop up for accessing a remote EWS service from the internet.
Folder - A specific folder within each mailbox to search. By default, the script only searches the "Inbox" folder. By specifying 'all', all folders and subfolders will be searched.
Regex - Use a regular expressions when performing searches. This will override the -Terms flag.
CheckAttachments - Attempts to search through the contents of email attachements in addition to the default body and subject. These attachments can be downloaded by specifying the -DownloadDir option. Searches for the following extensions: .bat, .htm, .msg, .pdf, .txt, .ps1, .doc and .xls.
DownloadDir - Download files to a specific location.
OtherUserMailbox - Use this flag when attempting to read emails from a different user's mailbox
UsePrt - Uses the current user's PRT to authenticate.
AccessToken - Use provided oauth access token to authenticate.
UsePrtImperonsationAccount - Uses the current user's PRT to authenticate ImperonsationAccount.
AccessTokenImpersonationAccount - Use provided oauth access token to authenticate ImperonsationAccount.
UsePrtAdminAccount - Uses the current user's PRT to authenticate AdminAccount.
AccessTokenAdminAccount - Use provided oauth access token to authenticate ImperonsationAccount.
Get-GlobalAddressList will attempt to connect to an Outlook Web Access (OWA) portal and utilize the "FindPeople" method (only available in Exchange2013 and up) of gathering email addresses from the GAL. If this does not succeed the script will attempt to connect to EWS and attempt to gather the GAL.
Get-GlobalAddressList -ExchHostname mail.domain.com -UserName domain\username -Password Spring2021 -OutFile gal.txtGet-MailboxFolders will connect to a Microsoft Exchange server using EWS and gather a list of folders from the current user's mailbox.
Get-MailboxFolders -Mailbox current-user@domain.comInvoke-PasswordSprayOWA will attempt to connect to an OWA portal and perform a password spraying attack using a userlist and a single password.
Invoke-PasswordSprayOWA -ExchHostname mail.domain.com -UserList .\userlist.txt -Password Spring2021 -Threads 15 -OutFile owa-sprayed-creds.txtInvoke-PasswordSprayEWS will attempt to connect to an EWS portal and perform a password spraying attack using a userlist and a single password.
Invoke-PasswordSprayEWS -ExchHostname mail.domain.com -UserList .\userlist.txt -Password Spring2021 -Threads 15 -OutFile sprayed-ews-creds.txtInvoke-PasswordSprayGmail This module will first attempt to connect to a Gmail Authentication portal and perform a password spraying attack using a userlist and a single password.
Invoke-PasswordSprayGmail -UserList .\userlist.txt -Password Fall2016 -Threads 15 -OutFile gmail-sprayed-creds.txtInvoke-DomainHarvestOWA will attempt to connect to an OWA portal and determine a valid domain name for logging into the portal from the WWW-Authenticate header returned in a web response from the server or based off of small timing differences in login attempts.
Invoke-DomainHarvestOWA -ExchHostname mail.domain.comInvoke-UsernameHarvestOWA will attempt to connect to an OWA portal and harvest valid usernames based off of small timing differences in login attempts.
Invoke-UsernameHarvestOWA -ExchHostname mail.domain.com -UserList .\userlist.txt -Threads 1 -OutFile owa-valid-users.txtInvoke-UsernameHarvestGmail is a module that will attempt to enumerate Google Apps user accounts and potentially identify user accounts that opt-out of implemented 2FA solutions.
Invoke-UsernameHarvestGmail -Account
Invoke-UsernameHarvestGmail -UserFile .\emails.txt
Invoke-UsernameHarvestGmail -UserFile .\emails.txt -ProxyHosts 10.0.0.5:8080,10.0.0.6:8080,10.0.0.10:443
Invoke-UsernameHarvestGmail -UserFile .\emails.txt -Detailed
Get-Content emails.txt | % { Invoke-UsernameHarvestGmail $_ }Invoke-OpenInboxFinder will attempt to determine if the current user has access to the Inbox of each email address in a list of addresses.
Invoke-OpenInboxFinder -EmailList email-list.txtGet-ADUsernameFromEWS will attempt to determine the Active Directory username for a single email address or a list of addresses. Use the Get-GlobalAddressList module to harvest a full list of email addresses to use with Get-ADUsernameFromEWS.
Get-ADUsernameFromEWS -EmailList email-list.txtSend-EWSEmail will attempt to connect to EWS and send an email.
Send-EWSEmail --ExchHostname substrate.office.com -Recipient $targetEmail -Subject "Foo" -EmailBody "Bar" -AccessToken $Accesstoken