feat(docker): Add debuging dependencies directly into the dockerfile

[Anmol1696]

Description

Some minimal dependencies are always used with docker containers, specially for debugging. Here we add curl make bash jq sed dependencies directly into the docker-image

Docker image size goes from 92.1MB to 99.7MB (for arm images)

Additionally it will also alow out of the box docker images being used with upcoming PR: #17077

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[julienrbrt]

utACK

Waiting for https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/actions/runs/5717201369/job/15490625420?pr=17228 to pass for merging.