release-23.1.15-rc: rangefeed: fix premature checkpoint due to intent resolution race

[erikgrinaker]

Clean backport from release-23.1.

---

Backports:

• 2/2 commits from rangefeed: fix premature checkpoint due to intent resolution race #117612.
• 1/1 commits from batcheval: add PushTxnResponse.AmbiguousAbort #117969.
• 1/1 commits from kvserver: add Replica.WaitForLeaseAppliedIndex() #117968.
• 2/2 commits from batcheval: add BarrierRequest.WithLeaseAppliedIndex #117967.
• 1/1 commits from kvpb: mark BarrierRequest as isAlone #117787.
• Parts of rangefeed: use MakeTestingClusterSettings() #118469 and rangefeed: improve assertions #118265.

Release justification: fixes a bug which could cause changefeeds to omit events in some scenarios.

/cc @cockroachdb/release

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It was possible for rangefeeds to emit a premature checkpoint, before all writes below its timestamp had been emitted. This in turn would cause changefeeds to not emit these write events at all.

This could happen because PushTxn may return a false ABORTED status for a transaction that has in fact been committed, if the transaction record has been GCed (after resolving all intents). The timestamp cache does not retain sufficient information to disambiguate a committed transaction from an aborted one in this case, so it pessimistically
assumes an abort (see Replica.CanCreateTxnRecord and batcheval.SynthesizeTxnFromMeta).

However, the rangefeed txn pusher trusted this ABORTED status, ignoring the pending txn intents and allowing the resolved timestamp to advance past them before emitting the committed intents. This can lead to the following scenario:

• A rangefeed is running on a lagging follower.
• A txn writes an intent, which is replicated to the follower.
• The closed timestamp advances past the intent.
• The txn commits and resolves the intent at the original write timestamp, then GCs its txn record. This is not yet applied on the follower.
• The rangefeed pushes the txn to advance its resolved timestamp.
• The txn is GCed, so the push returns ABORTED (it can't know whether the txn was committed or aborted after its record is GCed).
• The rangefeed disregards the "aborted" txn and advances the resolved timestamp, emitting a checkpoint.
• The follower applies the resolved intent and emits an event below the checkpoint, violating the checkpoint guarantee.
• The changefeed sees an event below its frontier and drops it, never emitting these events at all.

This patch fixes the bug by submitting a barrier command to the leaseholder which waits for all past and ongoing writes (including intent resolution) to complete and apply, and then waits for the local replica to apply the barrier as well. This ensures any committed intent resolution will be applied and emitted before the transaction is removed from resolved timestamp tracking.

Resolves #104309.
Epic: none
Release note (bug fix): fixed a bug where a changefeed could omit events in rare cases, logging the error "cdc ux violation: detected timestamp ... that is less or equal to the local frontier". This can happen if a rangefeed runs on a follower replica that lags significantly behind the leaseholder, a transaction commits and removes its transaction record before its intent resolution is applied on the follower, the follower's closed timestamp has advanced past the transaction commit timestamp, and the rangefeed attempts to push the transaction to a new timestamp (at least 10 seconds after the transaction began). This may cause the rangefeed to prematurely emit a checkpoint before emitting writes at lower timestamps, which in turn may cause the changefeed to drop these events entirely, never emitting them.

[blathers-crl]

Thanks for opening a backport.

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[blathers-crl]

Your pull request contains more than 1000 changes. It is strongly encouraged to split big PRs into smaller chunks.

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[cockroach-teamcity]

This change is 

[erikgrinaker]

@nvanbenschoten is out of office I believe, so I'll take @rharding6373's approval as authoritative here, considering we've backported this a ton of times already to various releases.

[rharding6373]

Reviewable status: complete! 1 of 0 LGTMs obtained (waiting on @nvanbenschoten)