build: upgrade to golang v1.21.3

[rickystewart]

• Adjust the Pebble tests to run in new version.
• Adjust version in the TeamCity agent image (setup script)
• Update build/teamcity/internal/release/build-and-publish-patched-go/impl.sh with the new version and adjust SHA256 sums as necessary.
• Adjust GO_VERSION and GO_FIPS_COMMIT for the FIPS Go toolchain (source).
• Run the Internal / Cockroach / Build / Toolchains / Publish Patched Go for Mac build configuration in TeamCity with your latest version of the script above. Note the job depends on another job Build and Publish Patched Go. That job prints out the SHA256 of all tarballs, which you will need to copy-paste into WORKSPACE (see below). Publish Patched Go for Mac is an extra step that publishes the signed go binaries for macOS. That job also prints out the SHA256 of the Mac tarballs in particular.
• Adjust --@io_bazel_rules_go//go/toolchain:sdk_version in .bazelrc.
• Bump the version in WORKSPACE under go_download_sdk. You may need to bump rules_go. Also edit the filenames listed in sdks and update all the hashes to match what you built in the step above.
• Bump the version in WORKSPACE under go_download_sdk for the FIPS version of Go (go_sdk_fips).
• Run ./dev generate bazel to refresh distdir_files.bzl, then bazel fetch @distdir//:archives to ensure you've updated all hashes to the correct value.
• Bump the go version in go.mod.
• Bump the default installed version of Go in bootstrap-debian.sh (source).
• Replace other mentions of the older version of go (grep for golang:<old_version> and go<old_version>).
• Ask the Developer Infrastructure team to deploy new TeamCity agent images according to packer/README.md

Closes #112088.

Epic: none
Release note (general change): Updated Go version to 1.21.3

[cockroach-teamcity]

This change is 

[rail]

Reviewed 32 of 32 files at r1, all commit messages.
Reviewable status: complete! 0 of 0 LGTMs obtained (waiting on @dhartunian, @herkolategan, @rharding6373, and @srosenberg)

[rickystewart]

acceptance test failures in CI seem to be a flake.

[rharding6373]

for SQL Queries

Reviewable status: complete! 1 of 0 LGTMs obtained (waiting on @dhartunian, @herkolategan, @rickystewart, and @srosenberg)

---

pkg/sql/crdb_internal_test.go line 1032 at r1 (raw file):

	require.NoError(t, errUpdate)
	end := timeutil.Now()
	require.GreaterOrEqual(t, end.Sub(start), 499*time.Millisecond)

Do you know why it doesn't like 500? I don't think this is a big deal, but it's an interesting change.

[rickystewart]

Do you know why it doesn't like 500? I don't think this is a big deal, but it's an interesting change.

I saw a failure (probably a flake) that was like: "expected current time to be 500ms + the original time, but it's only 499.6(something) ms". I don't know how this works: if it ends up eventually shelling out to a go runtime function, maybe the way that function figures out how long to sleep was updated in 1.21, or they're rounding differently. Either way this solves the flake.

[rickystewart]

TFTR!

bors r=rail,rharding6373

[craig]

Build succeeded:

• Bazel Essential CI (Cockroach)