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opt: improve per-ON condition cost adjustment for lookup join
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Issue #34810 tracks taking into account the internal row count of
lookup joins. We currently have a hack in place to always prefer
looking indexes that constrain more columns. We encountered a case
where this adjustment doesn't work: when the estimated row count is
very very small (which happens when there are a lot of conditions),
the per-row cost adjustment ends up not making a difference (this is
because of limited floating point precision, and the "tolerance" built
into `Cost.Less()`). To address this, we also add a constant per-ON
condition cost which isn't scaled by the row count.

Release note (bug fix): Fixed bug in the optimizer causing a bad index
for lookup join in some cases.
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@RaduBerinde
RaduBerinde committed Jul 22, 2019
1 parent f808f31 commit cbbf789
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Showing 7 changed files with 184 additions and 81 deletions.
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion pkg/sql/opt/optgen/exprgen/testdata/join
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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ left-join (lookup abc@ab)
├── columns: t.public.abc.a:5(int) t.public.abc.b:6(int)
├── key columns: [5] = [5]
├── stats: [rows=333333.333]
├── cost: 691726.697
├── cost: 691726.707
├── scan t.public.def
│ ├── columns: t.public.def.d:1(int) t.public.def.e:2(int)
│ ├── stats: [rows=1000]
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3 changes: 3 additions & 0 deletions pkg/sql/opt/xform/coster.go
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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -407,6 +407,9 @@ func (c *coster) computeLookupJoinCost(join *memo.LookupJoinExpr) memo.Cost {
// joins where we don't have the equality and leftover filters readily
// available.
perRowCost += cpuCostFactor * memo.Cost(len(join.On))
// We also add a constant "setup" cost per ON condition. Without this, the
// adjustment above can be inconsequential when the RowCount is too small.
cost += cpuCostFactor * memo.Cost(len(join.On))

cost += memo.Cost(join.Relational().Stats.RowCount) * perRowCost
return cost
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236 changes: 168 additions & 68 deletions pkg/sql/opt/xform/testdata/coster/join
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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -177,8 +177,7 @@ CREATE TABLE abcde (
c UUID NOT NULL,
d VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
e TEXT NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT "primary" PRIMARY KEY (a, b, c),
UNIQUE INDEX idx_abd (a, b, d),
UNIQUE INDEX idx_abd (a, b, d) STORING (c),
UNIQUE INDEX idx_abcd (a, b, c, d)
)
----
Expand All @@ -188,20 +187,21 @@ TABLE abcde
├── c uuid not null
├── d string not null
├── e string not null
├── rowid int not null (hidden)
├── INDEX primary
│ ├── a string not null
│ ├── b uuid not null
│ └── c uuid not null
│ └── rowid int not null (hidden)
├── INDEX idx_abd
│ ├── a string not null
│ ├── b uuid not null
│ ├── d string not null
│ ├── rowid int not null (hidden) (storing)
│ └── c uuid not null (storing)
└── INDEX idx_abcd
├── a string not null
├── b uuid not null
├── c uuid not null
└── d string not null
├── d string not null
└── rowid int not null (hidden) (storing)

exec-ddl
ALTER TABLE abcde INJECT STATISTICS '[
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -231,24 +231,108 @@ CREATE TABLE wxyz (
w TEXT NOT NULL,
x UUID NOT NULL,
y UUID NOT NULL,
z TEXT NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT "primary" PRIMARY KEY (w, x, y),
CONSTRAINT "foreign" FOREIGN KEY (w, x, y) REFERENCES abcde (a, b, c)
z TEXT NOT NULL
)
----
TABLE wxyz
├── w string not null
├── x uuid not null
├── y uuid not null
├── z string not null
├── INDEX primary
│ ├── w string not null
│ ├── x uuid not null
│ └── y uuid not null
└── FOREIGN KEY (w, x, y) REFERENCES t.public.abcde (a, b, c)
├── rowid int not null (hidden)
└── INDEX primary
└── rowid int not null (hidden)

exec-ddl
ALTER TABLE wxyz INJECT STATISTICS '[
{
"columns": ["w"],
"created_at": "2019-02-08 04:10:40.001179+00:00",
"row_count": 100,
"distinct_count": 1
},
{
"columns": ["x"],
"created_at": "2019-02-08 04:10:40.119954+00:00",
"row_count": 100,
"distinct_count": 1
},
{
"columns": ["y"],
"created_at": "2019-02-08 04:10:40.119954+00:00",
"row_count": 100,
"distinct_count": 25
}
]'
----

opt
SELECT w, x, y, z
FROM wxyz
INNER JOIN abcde
ON w = a AND x = b AND y = c
WHERE w = 'foo' AND x = '2AB23800-06B1-4E19-A3BB-DF3768B808D2'
----
project
├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null)
├── stats: [rows=500.488759]
├── cost: 1566.10128
├── fd: ()-->(1,2)
└── inner-join (lookup abcde@idx_abcd)
├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null) a:6(string!null) b:7(uuid!null) c:8(uuid!null)
├── key columns: [1 2 3] = [6 7 8]
├── stats: [rows=500.488759, distinct(1)=1, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=25, null(3)=0, distinct(4)=10, null(4)=0, distinct(6)=1, null(6)=0, distinct(7)=1, null(7)=0, distinct(8)=25, null(8)=0]
├── cost: 1561.08639
├── fd: ()-->(1,2,6,7), (1)==(6), (6)==(1), (2)==(7), (7)==(2), (3)==(8), (8)==(3)
├── select
│ ├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null)
│ ├── stats: [rows=100, distinct(1)=1, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=25, null(3)=0, distinct(4)=10, null(4)=0]
│ ├── cost: 110.03
│ ├── fd: ()-->(1,2)
│ ├── scan wxyz
│ │ ├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null)
│ │ ├── stats: [rows=100, distinct(1)=1, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=25, null(3)=0, distinct(4)=10, null(4)=0]
│ │ └── cost: 109.02
│ └── filters
│ ├── w = 'foo' [type=bool, outer=(1), constraints=(/1: [/'foo' - /'foo']; tight), fd=()-->(1)]
│ └── x = '2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2' [type=bool, outer=(2), constraints=(/2: [/'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2' - /'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2']; tight), fd=()-->(2)]
└── filters
├── a = 'foo' [type=bool, outer=(6), constraints=(/6: [/'foo' - /'foo']; tight), fd=()-->(6)]
└── b = '2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2' [type=bool, outer=(7), constraints=(/7: [/'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2' - /'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2']; tight), fd=()-->(7)]

# Also for 34810: make sure the cost adjustment works when the estimated row
# count is tiny.
exec-ddl
CREATE TABLE wxyzijklmn (
w TEXT NOT NULL,
x UUID NOT NULL,
y UUID NOT NULL,
z TEXT NOT NULL,
i INT,
j INT,
k INT,
l INT,
m INT,
n INT
)
----
TABLE wxyzijklmn
├── w string not null
├── x uuid not null
├── y uuid not null
├── z string not null
├── i int
├── j int
├── k int
├── l int
├── m int
├── n int
├── rowid int not null (hidden)
└── INDEX primary
└── rowid int not null (hidden)

exec-ddl
ALTER TABLE wxyzijklmn INJECT STATISTICS '[
{
"columns": ["w"],
"created_at": "2019-02-08 04:10:40.001179+00:00",
Expand All @@ -265,67 +349,83 @@ ALTER TABLE wxyz INJECT STATISTICS '[
"columns": ["y"],
"created_at": "2019-02-08 04:10:40.119954+00:00",
"row_count": 10000,
"distinct_count": 2500
"distinct_count": 25
},
{
"columns": ["i"],
"created_at": "2019-02-08 04:10:40.119954+00:00",
"row_count": 10000,
"distinct_count": 10000
},
{
"columns": ["j"],
"created_at": "2019-02-08 04:10:40.119954+00:00",
"row_count": 10000,
"distinct_count": 10000
},
{
"columns": ["k"],
"created_at": "2019-02-08 04:10:40.119954+00:00",
"row_count": 10000,
"distinct_count": 10000
},
{
"columns": ["l"],
"created_at": "2019-02-08 04:10:40.119954+00:00",
"row_count": 10000,
"distinct_count": 10000
},
{
"columns": ["m"],
"created_at": "2019-02-08 04:10:40.119954+00:00",
"row_count": 10000,
"distinct_count": 10000
},
{
"columns": ["n"],
"created_at": "2019-02-08 04:10:40.119954+00:00",
"row_count": 10000,
"distinct_count": 10000
}
]'
----

opt
SELECT w, x, y, z
FROM wxyz
FROM wxyzijklmn
INNER JOIN abcde
ON w = a AND x = b AND y = c
WHERE w = 'foo' AND x = '2AB23800-06B1-4E19-A3BB-DF3768B808D2'
ORDER BY d
LIMIT 10
WHERE w = 'foo' AND x = '2AB23800-06B1-4E19-A3BB-DF3768B808D2' AND (i,j,k,l,m,n)=(1,2,3,4,5,6)
----
project
├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null) [hidden: d:8(string!null)]
├── cardinality: [0 - 10]
├── stats: [rows=10]
├── cost: 164278.036
├── key: (8)
├── fd: ()-->(1,2), (3)-->(4,8), (8)-->(3,4)
├── ordering: +8 opt(1,2) [actual: +8]
└── limit
├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null) a:5(string!null) b:6(uuid!null) c:7(uuid!null) d:8(string!null)
├── internal-ordering: +8 opt(1,2,5,6)
├── cardinality: [0 - 10]
├── stats: [rows=10]
├── cost: 164277.926
├── key: (7)
├── fd: ()-->(1,2,5,6), (3)-->(4), (7)-->(8), (8)-->(7), (1)==(5), (5)==(1), (2)==(6), (6)==(2), (3)==(7), (7)==(3)
├── ordering: +8 opt(1,2,5,6) [actual: +8]
├── sort
│ ├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null) a:5(string!null) b:6(uuid!null) c:7(uuid!null) d:8(string!null)
│ ├── stats: [rows=50048.8759, distinct(1)=1, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=2500, null(3)=0, distinct(4)=1000, null(4)=0, distinct(5)=1, null(5)=0, distinct(6)=1, null(6)=0, distinct(7)=2500, null(7)=0, distinct(8)=38781.1698, null(8)=0]
│ ├── cost: 164277.816
│ ├── key: (7)
│ ├── fd: ()-->(1,2,5,6), (3)-->(4), (7)-->(8), (8)-->(7), (1)==(5), (5)==(1), (2)==(6), (6)==(2), (3)==(7), (7)==(3)
│ ├── ordering: +8 opt(1,2,5,6) [actual: +8]
│ └── inner-join (merge)
│ ├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null) a:5(string!null) b:6(uuid!null) c:7(uuid!null) d:8(string!null)
│ ├── left ordering: +1,+2,+3
│ ├── right ordering: +5,+6,+7
│ ├── stats: [rows=50048.8759, distinct(1)=1, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=2500, null(3)=0, distinct(4)=1000, null(4)=0, distinct(5)=1, null(5)=0, distinct(6)=1, null(6)=0, distinct(7)=2500, null(7)=0, distinct(8)=38781.1698, null(8)=0]
│ ├── cost: 147650.519
│ ├── key: (7)
│ ├── fd: ()-->(1,2,5,6), (3)-->(4), (7)-->(8), (8)-->(7), (1)==(5), (5)==(1), (2)==(6), (6)==(2), (3)==(7), (7)==(3)
│ ├── scan wxyz
│ │ ├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null)
│ │ ├── constraint: /1/2/3: [/'foo'/'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2' - /'foo'/'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2']
│ │ ├── stats: [rows=10000, distinct(1)=1, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=2500, null(3)=0, distinct(4)=1000, null(4)=0]
│ │ ├── cost: 10800.01
│ │ ├── key: (3)
│ │ ├── fd: ()-->(1,2), (3)-->(4)
│ │ └── ordering: +3 opt(1,2) [actual: +3]
│ ├── scan abcde@idx_abcd
│ │ ├── columns: a:5(string!null) b:6(uuid!null) c:7(uuid!null) d:8(string!null)
│ │ ├── constraint: /5/6/7/8: [/'foo'/'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2' - /'foo'/'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2']
│ │ ├── stats: [rows=125000, distinct(5)=1, null(5)=0, distinct(6)=1, null(6)=0, distinct(7)=24975.5859, null(7)=0, distinct(8)=93750, null(8)=0]
│ │ ├── cost: 135000.01
│ │ ├── key: (7)
│ │ ├── fd: ()-->(5,6), (7)-->(8), (8)-->(7)
│ │ └── ordering: +7 opt(5,6) [actual: +7]
│ └── filters (true)
└── const: 10 [type=int]
├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null)
├── stats: [rows=1.25e-15]
├── cost: 12200.07
├── fd: ()-->(1,2)
└── inner-join (lookup abcde@idx_abcd)
├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null) i:5(int!null) j:6(int!null) k:7(int!null) l:8(int!null) m:9(int!null) n:10(int!null) a:12(string!null) b:13(uuid!null) c:14(uuid!null)
├── key columns: [1 2 3] = [12 13 14]
├── stats: [rows=1.25e-15, distinct(1)=1e-20, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1e-20, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=0, null(3)=0, distinct(4)=0, null(4)=0, distinct(5)=1e-20, null(5)=0, distinct(6)=1e-20, null(6)=0, distinct(7)=1e-20, null(7)=0, distinct(8)=1e-20, null(8)=0, distinct(9)=1e-20, null(9)=0, distinct(10)=1e-20, null(10)=0, distinct(12)=1e-20, null(12)=0, distinct(13)=1e-20, null(13)=0, distinct(14)=0, null(14)=0]
├── cost: 12200.06
├── fd: ()-->(1,2,5-10,12,13), (1)==(12), (12)==(1), (2)==(13), (13)==(2), (3)==(14), (14)==(3)
├── select
│ ├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null) i:5(int!null) j:6(int!null) k:7(int!null) l:8(int!null) m:9(int!null) n:10(int!null)
│ ├── stats: [rows=1e-20, distinct(1)=1e-20, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1e-20, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=0, null(3)=0, distinct(4)=0, null(4)=0, distinct(5)=1e-20, null(5)=0, distinct(6)=1e-20, null(6)=0, distinct(7)=1e-20, null(7)=0, distinct(8)=1e-20, null(8)=0, distinct(9)=1e-20, null(9)=0, distinct(10)=1e-20, null(10)=0]
│ ├── cost: 12200.03
│ ├── fd: ()-->(1,2,5-10)
│ ├── scan wxyzijklmn
│ │ ├── columns: w:1(string!null) x:2(uuid!null) y:3(uuid!null) z:4(string!null) i:5(int) j:6(int) k:7(int) l:8(int) m:9(int) n:10(int)
│ │ ├── stats: [rows=10000, distinct(1)=1, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=25, null(3)=0, distinct(4)=1000, null(4)=0, distinct(5)=10000, null(5)=0, distinct(6)=10000, null(6)=0, distinct(7)=10000, null(7)=0, distinct(8)=10000, null(8)=0, distinct(9)=10000, null(9)=0, distinct(10)=10000, null(10)=0]
│ │ └── cost: 12100.02
│ └── filters
│ ├── w = 'foo' [type=bool, outer=(1), constraints=(/1: [/'foo' - /'foo']; tight), fd=()-->(1)]
│ ├── x = '2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2' [type=bool, outer=(2), constraints=(/2: [/'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2' - /'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2']; tight), fd=()-->(2)]
│ ├── i = 1 [type=bool, outer=(5), constraints=(/5: [/1 - /1]; tight), fd=()-->(5)]
│ ├── j = 2 [type=bool, outer=(6), constraints=(/6: [/2 - /2]; tight), fd=()-->(6)]
│ ├── k = 3 [type=bool, outer=(7), constraints=(/7: [/3 - /3]; tight), fd=()-->(7)]
│ ├── l = 4 [type=bool, outer=(8), constraints=(/8: [/4 - /4]; tight), fd=()-->(8)]
│ ├── m = 5 [type=bool, outer=(9), constraints=(/9: [/5 - /5]; tight), fd=()-->(9)]
│ └── n = 6 [type=bool, outer=(10), constraints=(/10: [/6 - /6]; tight), fd=()-->(10)]
└── filters
├── a = 'foo' [type=bool, outer=(12), constraints=(/12: [/'foo' - /'foo']; tight), fd=()-->(12)]
└── b = '2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2' [type=bool, outer=(13), constraints=(/13: [/'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2' - /'2ab23800-06b1-4e19-a3bb-df3768b808d2']; tight), fd=()-->(13)]
4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions pkg/sql/opt/xform/testdata/coster/zone
View file
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ inner-join (lookup xy@y2)
├── flags: no-merge-join;no-hash-join
├── key columns: [2] = [5]
├── stats: [rows=98.01, distinct(1)=9.9, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1, null(2)=0, distinct(4)=9.9, null(4)=0, distinct(5)=1, null(5)=0]
├── cost: 251.0345
├── cost: 251.0445
├── key: (1,4)
├── fd: ()-->(2,5), (1)-->(3), (2,3)~~>(1), (2)==(5), (5)==(2)
├── prune: (1,3,4)
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ inner-join (lookup xy@y1)
├── flags: no-merge-join;no-hash-join
├── key columns: [2] = [5]
├── stats: [rows=98.01, distinct(1)=9.9, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1, null(2)=0, distinct(4)=9.9, null(4)=0, distinct(5)=1, null(5)=0]
├── cost: 251.0345
├── cost: 251.0445
├── key: (1,4)
├── fd: ()-->(2,5), (1)-->(3), (2,3)~~>(1), (2)==(5), (5)==(2)
├── prune: (1,3,4)
Expand Down
8 changes: 4 additions & 4 deletions pkg/sql/opt/xform/testdata/external/tpcc
View file
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -1405,15 +1405,15 @@ scalar-group-by
├── columns: count:28(int)
├── cardinality: [1 - 1]
├── stats: [rows=1]
├── cost: 1551.03048
├── cost: 1551.05048
├── key: ()
├── fd: ()-->(28)
├── prune: (28)
├── inner-join (lookup stock)
│ ├── columns: ol_o_id:1(int!null) ol_d_id:2(int!null) ol_w_id:3(int!null) ol_i_id:5(int!null) s_i_id:11(int!null) s_w_id:12(int!null) s_quantity:13(int!null)
│ ├── key columns: [3 5] = [12 11]
│ ├── stats: [rows=234.432912, distinct(1)=19.9998377, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=1, null(3)=0, distinct(5)=199.843131, null(5)=0, distinct(11)=199.843131, null(11)=0, distinct(12)=1, null(12)=0, distinct(13)=84.0785286, null(13)=0]
│ ├── cost: 1548.66615
│ ├── cost: 1548.68615
│ ├── fd: ()-->(2,3,12), (11)-->(13), (5)==(11), (11)==(5), (3)==(12), (12)==(3)
│ ├── interesting orderings: (+3,+2,-1)
│ ├── scan order_line
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -3040,15 +3040,15 @@ scalar-group-by
├── columns: count:28(int)
├── cardinality: [1 - 1]
├── stats: [rows=1]
├── cost: 1534.07466
├── cost: 1534.09466
├── key: ()
├── fd: ()-->(28)
├── prune: (28)
├── inner-join (lookup stock)
│ ├── columns: ol_o_id:1(int!null) ol_d_id:2(int!null) ol_w_id:3(int!null) ol_i_id:5(int!null) s_i_id:11(int!null) s_w_id:12(int!null) s_quantity:13(int!null)
│ ├── key columns: [3 5] = [12 11]
│ ├── stats: [rows=229.899982, distinct(1)=19.9997964, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=1, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=1, null(3)=0, distinct(5)=198.51294, null(5)=0, distinct(11)=198.51294, null(11)=0, distinct(12)=1, null(12)=0, distinct(13)=83.7250115, null(13)=0]
│ ├── cost: 1531.75566
│ ├── cost: 1531.77566
│ ├── fd: ()-->(2,3,12), (11)-->(13), (5)==(11), (11)==(5), (3)==(12), (12)==(3)
│ ├── interesting orderings: (+3,+2,-1)
│ ├── scan order_line
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8 changes: 4 additions & 4 deletions pkg/sql/opt/xform/testdata/external/tpcc-no-stats
View file
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -709,15 +709,15 @@ scalar-group-by
├── columns: count:28(int)
├── cardinality: [1 - 1]
├── stats: [rows=1]
├── cost: 0.28998
├── cost: 0.30998
├── key: ()
├── fd: ()-->(28)
├── prune: (28)
├── inner-join (lookup stock)
│ ├── columns: ol_o_id:1(int!null) ol_d_id:2(int!null) ol_w_id:3(int!null) ol_i_id:5(int!null) s_i_id:11(int!null) s_w_id:12(int!null) s_quantity:13(int!null)
│ ├── key columns: [3 5] = [12 11]
│ ├── stats: [rows=0.066, distinct(1)=0.02, null(1)=0, distinct(2)=0.02, null(2)=0, distinct(3)=0.02, null(3)=0, distinct(5)=0.0199982001, null(5)=0, distinct(11)=0.0199982001, null(11)=0, distinct(12)=0.02, null(12)=0, distinct(13)=0.066, null(13)=0]
│ ├── cost: 0.26932
│ ├── cost: 0.28932
│ ├── fd: ()-->(2,3,12), (11)-->(13), (5)==(11), (11)==(5), (3)==(12), (12)==(3)
│ ├── interesting orderings: (+3,+2,-1)
│ ├── scan order_line
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -762,15 +762,15 @@ scalar-group-by
├── columns: count:22(int)
├── cardinality: [1 - 1]
├── stats: [rows=1]
├── cost: 1621.35
├── cost: 1621.36
├── key: ()
├── fd: ()-->(22)
├── prune: (22)
├── inner-join (lookup warehouse)
│ ├── columns: w_id:1(int!null) w_ytd:9(decimal!null) d_w_id:11(int!null) sum:21(decimal!null)
│ ├── key columns: [11] = [1]
│ ├── stats: [rows=33, distinct(1)=33, null(1)=0, distinct(9)=28.3508504, null(9)=0, distinct(11)=33, null(11)=0, distinct(21)=28.3508504, null(21)=0]
│ ├── cost: 1621
│ ├── cost: 1621.01
│ ├── key: (11)
│ ├── fd: (1)-->(9), (11)-->(21), (1)==(11), (11)==(1)
│ ├── interesting orderings: (+11)
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